Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky Essays - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky Tchaikovsky is not only one of the corner stones of Russian musical culture and world music?. It's at the same time creative and technical encyclopedia to which every Russian has reference in the course of his own work (Cross and Ewen, 1025), said Dimitri Shostakovich. Peter Iltich Tchaikovsky is considered one of the best composers of all time. In this paper you will see how Tchaikovsky's life was difficult and memorable. Peter Tchaikovsky was born in Votinsk, in the district of Viatka, Russia on May 1, 1840. His father, Lieutenant colonel Ilya Petrovich Tchaikovsky (a well-to-do engineer who was the principle inspector of Government Mines and Metallurgical works), and mother, Alexandra Andreuevna (of French ancestry) had seven children, of whom Peter was third (Cross and Ewen, 1027). Peter's first musical expression came whine he was three, upon hearing one of Mozart's great aria's, Don Giovanni. He demonstrated extaordinary sensitivity for music early in life. As a child he was fascinated y a little mechanical instrument called an orchestrion. When he was five he took piano lessons form Kundnges. Life passed and when he was ten he and his family moved to St. Petersburg where he was enrolled in preparatory classes for the school of jurisprudence. Nicholas Zaremba was a big inspiration, helping him to over come his natural tendencies toward indolence. And he worked hard and well. Another of Tchaikovsk y's teachers was Gabriel Lomankin. Tchaikovsky's mother died of cholera when he was 14. He finished school when he was 19. For a year he worked as a clerk in the Ministry of Justice a job he hated, but devoted himself to completely. Tchaikovsky's first 20 years were very hard. Working to survive in a world was there is no help. (Scionti, 375, Cross and Ewen, 1027-1028, Ewen, 375). Tchaikovsky's early works were technically sound, but unappreciated. I always thought that his music was always greatly appreciated in his time along with ours. He started composing in 1860 and completed an Italian Song, which was published. He soon met the Rubinstein brothers, Anton and Nickolai; both were composers, and Anton was a pianist second only to France Liszt in technical brilliance and fame. In 1862 Anton opened Russia's first conservatory, under the sponsorship of the Imperial Russian Music Society (I.R.M.S.); in St. Petersburg, and Tchaikovsky was its first composition student (Ewen, 375). In 1862, Tchaikovsky left the government service and enrolled in the then Newly founded Conservatory. He combined his studies with Zaremba, a member of the Conservatory Faculty, and Anton Rubinstein with lessons in harmony, counterpoint, and orchestration. Do not for one moment think that I expected to be a great artist.' He wrote to his sister. 'Whether I become a famous composer or a poor music teacher is a matter of indifference to me. At all events, my conscience will be clear and I shall no longer have thought to complain about my lot (Cross and Ewen, 1028). Now when he was writing full time and some of his music was getting performed. Characteristic Dances, for orchestra, was introduced by Johann Strauss II during the summer season in Povlovsky in 1865 a String Quartet and an Overture in F, for orchestra, where heard at students concerts at the Conservatory in 1865 and in 1866 respectively. A Cantata, ode to Joy (written-as a graduating exercise to Schiller's words, the same text used by Beethoven in the Ninth Symphony), won for him a silver medal and inspired his young friend Hermann Laroche, later a famous critic, to say You are the greatest music talent of contemporary Russia, more powerful than Balakirev, more creative than Serov, infinite more cultivated that Rimsky-Korsakov. In you I see the greatest, or rather the one hope of our musical future (Cros s and Ewen, 1028-1029). Upon graduating in 1865, Tchaikovsky had the problem of supporting himself. However, in 1866 Nickolai Rubinstein, brother of Anton, invited him to Moscow to be a professor of harmony; despite the meager salary of fifty rubles a month, Tchaikovsky accepted. Gradually, he became accustom to his new teaching duties at the conservatory. Much to my surprise,' he wrote to his sister on February 19, 1866, 'my course is very successful. My nervousness has completely

How To Write For Social Media To Create The Best Posts - CoSchedule

How To Write For Social Media To Create The Best Posts Social media success requires strong writing skills. However, not all social media managers consider themselves writers. Fortunately, writing great social media content doesn’t have to be difficult. Not every post needs to reinvent the copywriting wheel, after all. Still, taking the time to get your writing right is worth it. Lets  learn how to write for social media and start creating better content now. Why Does It Matter If You Write Well On Social Media? Every social post you publish reflects on your brand. If you’re sloppy, your company will look sloppy too. Even worse, it could undermine your success on social media. Thats why its important to write well on social media. Social media copywriting requires some unique skills.  You need to be able to cram as much value into as few words as possible. You also have to be consistent and engaging at all times. Plus, every network is unique. What works on Facebook might flop  on LinkedIn. This makes becoming a master social wordsmith even more difficult. And thats exactly why we wrote this post. How To Write For Social Media To Create The Best Posts Consistency Counts (So Build A Social Media Style Guide) Keeping your social copy clean and within brand standards can be a challenge. Developing a simple style guide can help with this. A basic style guide can be one or two pages long, and should include the following: Mission Statement: This can be twofold:  why does your business exist, and why are you on social media? Audience/Persona Summary: Briefly describe your core audience on social media. Who are you writing for, anyway? Social Media Brand Voice: Describe what your social brand voice should sound like (casual, serious, professional, irreverent, etc.). Tone: Describe your social tone (helpful, funny, authoritative, etc.) Branding: List requirements for brand spellings (and other copy-related branding elements). Message Types (By Network): Not all content needs to go on every network. Create some guidelines on which types of messaging are appropriate on which of your social networks. If you need help building a style guide, this guide from Hubspot  is a great primer. TIP: Use the Social Media Style Guide Template included in this post to build your own style guide. Put Together a Social Media Writing Toolbox The first thing you'll need is the Social Message  Optimizer! It's the latest FREE tool from your friends at .  Ã°Å¸Ëœâ€° The Social Message  Optimizer helps you nail the mechanics behind writing amazing social media messages. That means it analyzes your message type, character length, number of hashtags, emoji count, and more to help you optimize the perfect message for every social network! When you use the Social Message  Optimizer, you'll: Stop guessing what works (and what doesn't). Learning and then remembering all of the best practices for writing on every social network is super time-consuming and tedious. Now you have a clear place to start writing every social media message! Just write, review your score on each network, and optimize further based on real data. Get immediate feedback to improve quickly. Consider the Social Message  Optimizer your expert who is always there to answer your questions. You'll A/B test your messages before you publish them to get the most engagement on each network. Get even more engagement than ever before.  Capture more eyeballs with your messages! Get more likes, comments, shares, and link clicks by using the data from  6,399,322 social messages to refine yours to be among the top 10%. Use the Social Message  Optimizer now. Grammarly We've all published a social post with a typo before. And we've all felt like this as a result: This is where Grammarly's free browser extension (available for Chrome, Firefox, and Safari) comes in handy. It's a life-saving spelling and grammar checking tool. Install it on your browser, and it'll check your spelling and grammar on everything you write, anywhere (including on social media). Hashtagify.me Looking for relevant hashtags to incorporate into your tweets? Hashtagify.me should fit the bill. It's an easy-to-use hashtag search engine to help you find hashtags people are actually using. 9 Basic Social Media Writing Tips Like we said earlier, every network has its own quirks and best practices. However, there are some standard best practices that generally apply to most networks, too. Let's review those now. Start writing better on social media now.Understand Active Vs. Passive Voice Using active voice helps produce more engaging copy. According to PlainLanguage.gov, Readers prefer active voice sentences, and we should try to use the active voice in most of our business writing to communicate our message most effectively. Active voice clearly identifies the action and who is performing that action. Most writers are familiar with active and passive voice. If you’re not sure what the difference is (and were afraid to ask) though, then never fear. There’s no shame here. Let’s walk through each one: Hear the difference? The first example puts the subject (â€Å"I†) in the driver’s seat. It’s more action-oriented. The second example, however, sounds a bit more flat, factual, and lacking action. Writing for social media? Use active voice.Put Your Audience First It's rude to only talk about yourself. So, write in a way that puts your audience at the center of the story instead. How do you do this? Simple. Say â€Å"you† more than you say â€Å"us.† Here’s a good example from Threadless’ Twitter bio: Write Stuff People Want To Share This requires understanding why people  share content. Let's  break this down into five major reasons: Delivering value to their audience. People want to share things their audience will find valuable. This could mean content that’s helpful, entertaining, or otherwise worth paying attention to. Try writing posts that convey a clear benefit. If you create how-to content, consider writing copy that hints at what the linked article will help readers do. You can also create unlinked social messages that include a useful tip in your post copy or image copy. Here’s an example from Bobcat Company: To  express and define themselves. When sharing posts, people often think, â€Å"How does sharing  this reinforce my identity?† Use surveys or create personas to understand your typical audience member. From there, figure out how they identify themselves. For example, if you sell construction equipment, your audience might see themselves as â€Å"tough† or â€Å"hard-working.† Pickup truck manufacturers know their customers connect their identities to what they drive. This post from Ram Trucks capitalizes on this: To feel connected to others. Social media is about building connections and relationships. People naturally want to share posts that shows they’re part of something bigger themselves. They also like to share posts likely to start a conversation (so they can converse with other people). One way to do this is to write messages that encourage tagging and sharing. Like this: To make themselves feel valued. People want to share posts that are likely to get likes, shares, and positive comments. It feels good to share something your friends like, right?  You might also consider writing messages showing appreciation for your audience. To express beliefs or support causes. People love sharing opinions on social media.  You probably don't need to be told that, either. If it’s appropriate, take a stance on something or show your support for a cause. You don’t have to get too controversial (although sometimes a little bit of controversy is okay). Here’s an example from the United Nations: This tweet does each of the following: It promotes a cause (gender equality). It incorporates a relevant hashtag in the middle of the tweet. It uses positive language. It links to a page where viewers can take action. It also achieves each of these goals without being offensive or inflammatory. Before writing social posts, ask 'Why would someone share this'?Make Sure You Have Clear  Message-Match Between Your Posts And Destination Pages If your post is linking to an external page, then your post messaging needs to match your landing page messaging. In short, your social media content needs to follow through on the promises your posts make. Here are a few tips to keep in mind: Double-check that links are accurate. Only link to substantive pages with good information. And make sure your post copy is relevant to your destination page. Check out this tweet from Esquire. It’s written to stoke curiosity and intrigue. What will  happen on season 2 of Stranger Things? Who knows? I don't, but the destination page here better tell me. Once I reach the page, it’s immediately clear that the post copy directed me to a relevant link. The destination page’s headline is well aligned with the tweet, too. That’s a good thing, because if this ended up being click bait, I would have thrown my keyword. Don’t make people want to throw their keyboards. Make sure your social messaging matches your  destination page.Make Sure Your Copy Matches Your Visual Content, Too If you’re writing image copy, consider connecting it with your post copy too. Here’s a great example from Gary Vaynerchuk: See how the post copy connects with the image copy? One leads into the other to communicate one clear message. Here’s another example from the NFL that creatively incorporates a player’s number (in this case, Randall Cobb of the Green Bay Packers, the greatest sports franchise in history*): *Your favorite team is great, too. This creative campaign counted down the days until kickoff, including a different player down to opening day. Be Clear And Concise Avoid complex language and use short sentences. People skim on social media, so punchy posts tend to work better than long-winded paragraphs. Try to limit yourself to just one or two sentences, if possible. This isn’t a firm rule, but it may be a useful guideline to keep yourself from rambling. Struggling to keep your posts short? Try working through this simple exercise. Start by reading  this example post: â€Å"Here is our latest blog post about a very awesome topic you’ll enjoy.† This isn’t that bad, right? Well, there are a lot of wasted words we could do without. Let’s try minimizing stop words (is, a, etc.) and see how it sounds. We could also make the end of the sentence more specific, focusing on one detail to use fewer words. â€Å"Here’s our latest blog post about blogging.† Hear the difference? The second example says essentially the same thing. It just does it with fewer but more specific words, and sounds much better as a result. Clarity and conciseness are key for writing well on social media.Avoid Pushy, Overly Sales-Driven Messaging At least when it comes to writing organic social media content. While social ads need to be written to sell, organic social posts should be written to inform, entertain, or otherwise make a connection with your audience. That doesn’t mean you can’t promote yourself. It just means it’s best to find a way to sell people on the idea of taking an action without directly sounding like you’re making a sales pitch. Here’s an example from music distribution platform Bandcamp: If you must write a sales message, focus on benefits to the consumer. This tweet from Threadless lets people know there’s a sale going on without forcefully saying, â€Å"Buy Now† or â€Å"Shop Here.† It also uses a nice, clear image. Invoke Curiosity Write in a way that makes people want to click through. If you’re linking to another article or blog post, you don’t need to tell the whole story in your social media update. Instead, leave some details unanswered while implying your linked articles will answer their questions. What is the mystery on "The Curse of Oak Island," anyway?  You don't have to care about construction equipment to want to find out. Recommended Reading: How To Use Social Media Analytics To Create The Best Content Social Media Writing Tips For Each Network Every social media network is different. Different audiences. Different purposes. Different expectations. Your writing and messaging should be adjusted accordingly. Instead of writing one message for every network, tailor your messaging to each one individually. To do this, it helps to understand the purpose of each network, and what works best on each one: Consider audience expectations for each network when writing social media posts.Facebook Writing Tips With declining Facebook organic reach, sharp copy is now more important than ever. Keep Posts Short There’s some wiggle room on this one. However, data shows short posts perform best. Avoid Promotional Calls-To-Action Facebook’s algorithm can detect overly promotional language. This means wording like, â€Å"Buy Now!† or â€Å"Sign up here!† Posts with a hard sales message get demoted in the newsfeed, and with organic reach already in decline, that’s something you can’t afford. Write Shareable Article Headlines If you’re writing blog posts or articles, keep Facebook in mind when crafting catchy headlines. Think short, punchy, and conversational. Recommended Reading: Facebook Marketing Strategy: Why You Need One (And How to Build It) Twitter Writing Tips You can do a surprising amount with just 140 characters. Here are some tips to make the most of your tweets. Do More Than Simply Reshare Headlines As Post Copy This one is okay in moderation. However, it’s better to write copy that adds to the story your article is telling.  Here’s an example of what we mean: Instead of reusing the article headline as a social post, the post outlines the story in the article. This helps build interest in clicking the link, and prevents wasting people’s time reading the same text twice. Incorporate Hashtags Directly In Tweet Copy It’s easy to add hashtags to the end of a post. However, consider cleverly incorporating them directly into your tweets instead. In this example from Electronic Arts, a single hashtag is the entire post. This creates a clean look for your hashtags, and ensures they get seen. Get creative and directly incorporate hashtags in your social posts.Go Easy On Hashtags, Though Make sure your message isn’t lost in a sea of hashtags. Aim to use two, or maybe three, at the most. Recommended Reading: How To Use Hashtags Effectively Without Being Annoying Be Mindful Of Your Character Limit You have 140 characters here. Stay under that limit without cutting corners. Conciseness is no excuse for lack of clarity. If you can’t use complete sentences, you need to rewrite your tweet. Try Adding URLs In The Middle Of Tweets (Instead Of At The End) This tip comes from Dan Zarrella at Hubspot. This data is a little old at this point, but in 2011, he discovered that â€Å"the best area for clicks is about 25% of the way through the Tweet.† As a writer, testing this requires you to consider writing in a way that would let you place a link after just two or three words. Try following this formula: [Short Intro] + [URL] + [Longer Explanation]. Have you tried putting URLs in the middle of tweets, instead of at the end?Tag Other Relevant Accounts Within Your Tweet Copy This helps alert other folks that you’re talking about them. In turn, they’ll be more likely to share your posts. It’s win-win. Be sure to write your posts with other accounts in mind. Incorporate Emojis Into Your Tweet Copy Like it or not, â€Å"emoji† is turning into a language all its own. Used creatively, they can add a splash of character to your tweets. Check out this example from Sporting Kansas City, a Major League Soccer team: Tell A Story In A Tweet It’s possible to tell a complete story in a tweet. Here’s an example from Microsoft: This tweet outlines the entire article in under 140 characters. Recommended Reading: 15 Tactics to Boost Twitter Engagement (Backed By Research) Google+ Writing Tips Google+ is different from other social networks and allows for some interesting formatting options. Use that to your advantage. Write Compelling Post Headlines Google+ is unique in that it allows you to write bolded headlines. General best practices for writing headlines applies here. Don’t Be Afraid To Tell A Whole Story Google+ posts can run a bit longer than on other networks. Take advantage of that. Go into more detail than normal if you feel you need to. LinkedIn Writing Tips LinkedIn is a professional network. Here's how to make sure your writing reflects that. Be Clear Avoid using professional lingo if it won’t be understood by your audience. Be Concise Get to the point. Don’t ramble. Busy professionals don’t have time to waste. Stay Professional LinkedIn is a professional network. Don’t forget this when writing your posts. Stick to a professional tone. Instagram Writing Tips Instagram is a visual-driven network. However, the written word still has its place there. Think About Alignment Between Your Image Copy And Post Copy Instagram is a visual network, but the written word still has a place there. Write image copy that hooks people’s attention while connecting with your post text. Don’t Forget Hashtags Instagram likes hashtags. Don’t be afraid to use them liberally at the end of your posts. Recommended Reading: How To Improve Your Visual Marketing On Pinterest And Instagram Pinterest Writing Tips Pinterest is a highly visual network, but that doesn't mean you can neglect your writing chops here. Write Longer Pin Descriptions According to a study from Dan Zarrella, descriptions over 200 characters long received more repins. That could be thanks to those pins having more detailed context around what they're about to entice people to click and share. Include Links in Pin Descriptions If people like the images you pin, they'll probably want to learn more about where they came from. Adding a link helps, and don't be afraid to add a call to action, either. Include Relevant Keywords in Your Pin Descriptions Including keywords in pin descriptions can help them show up in searches on Pinterest. How To Define And Develop Your Voice And Tone People expect social media accounts to have a consistent voice. Your presence needs personality, even if you’re representing a brand. Social media is about generating conversation. No one wants to talk to someone boring. This means you’ll need to develop a consistent voice. One that’s both true to your brand or personality, while fitting for each social network you’re on. What Does Your Social Media Voice Sound Like? Your voice is essentially your personality on social media. Are you fun? Serious? Creative? What's The Difference Between Voice And Tone? Voice and tone are often used interchangeably. However, there is a difference, and it's important to understand them both. Your tone is the inflection you apply to your voice. Depending on the context, you could sound happy, sad, angry, or any other emotion that's appropriate. Buffer's Kevan Lee may have put it best: Essentially, there is one voice for your brand and many tones that refine that voice.  Voice is a mission statement. Tone is the application of that mission. How To Develop  Your Brand's Social Media Personality Start by asking these questions: What is my/our mission or purpose? What are our values? What kind of language and tone does our audience use? Then, try filling in the blanks here a few different ways: â€Å"We are ________ , but we’re not __________ .† An example answer here could be, â€Å"We are funny, but we’re not offensive.† Or, â€Å"We are professional, but we’re not stuffy.† The idea is to narrow down who you are, and who you’re not. Recommended Reading: This Is The Social Media Posting Schedule That Will Boost Your Traffic By 192% Are You Personable? Professional? Or Both? Social media is often used to keep in touch with friends, family, and colleagues. That means your social media content has to compete against updates from people users are close with. It's a simple fact that most people don’t log into a social network to see content from brands, companies, or bloggers. There are exceptions, of course. In any case, you need to write to stand out and hook people’s attention. This requires understanding what your audience expects to see from you. And that might be hard if your brand isn’t inherently â€Å"fun.† So, what can you do? Know Your Audience Who are your customers? What are their values, concerns, and interests? It’s important to figure this out if you don’t already know. Survey your audience if you have to. You need to know who you’re writing for before you can understand what they want from you. Creating a social media audience persona might help. This essentially entails creating a character description of your average target audience member. Building personas takes a little bit of work, but it can help you get a clear idea of who you’re writing for. TIP: Know who you’re writing for on social media. Do this by running surveys, building personas, or even just listening to what they say on social media. Know Your Competition Seeing what kind of content your competition is writing can help inspire your own approach. Check out some of your competitor’s social profiles and make note of the following: What does their brand voice sound like? Does their content appear to drive engagement? If this company were a person, would I want to talk to them? This can give you an idea of what works in your industry. TIP: Pay attention to competitors in your space on social media. Note their writing style. Take inspiration from what works, and then do it better yourself. Know Yourself. Cat videos, memes, and other distractions dominate on social media. Those things might work for your brand. They could also be totally inappropriate. The key is to find the right balance between personable and professional content and tone for your audience. Start by defining yourself under one of these three categories: Personable. Your brand is fun, warm, and inviting. Professional. Your brand is serious, authoritative, and orderly. Both. Your brand bridges both of the above, tying fun content into more professional themes. How do you know which is best for your brand? One answer is to use common sense. If you’re a legal firm, for example, you probably don’t want to sound lighthearted. If you run a pet adoption center, however, you’d likely want to sound fun and inviting to get people in the door. What do you do if it isn’t immediately obvious which of these three categories best fits your brand? Try working through these three exercises to figure it out. Exercise 1: Determine Who You Are (By Determining Who You’re Not) One way to help understand your brand voice is to ask â€Å"We are ______ , but we are not ______ â€Å" questions. This can help you know who you are, and just as importantly, who you’re not. As an exercise, fill in those blanks a few different ways. Here are some examples: â€Å"We're fun, but we’re not goofy.† â€Å"We're informative, but we’re not boring.† â€Å"We're authoritative, but we’re not arrogant.† Exercise 2: Try Summarizing Your Brand In Just Three Adjectives Another idea is to simply think of three adjectives that describe your brand. In traditional advertising parlance, this could be thought of as a â€Å"tag line.† According to The Balance, A variant of a branding slogan, a tagline can be used in marketing materials and advertising. The idea behind the concept is to create  a memorable dramatic phrase that will sum up the tone and premise of an audio/visual product, or to reinforce and strengthen the audience's memory of a literary product. Your mission (should you choose to accept it), is to do one of the following: Keep your company’s existing tag line in mind when writing on social media. Ask yourself, â€Å"How does this messaging support or reflect what we’re about?† Come up with a new tagline. It doesn’t have to be one you use publicly. It could even just a short phrase you use internally to guide your copy. Let’s try developing a simple tagline using three adjectives. Taglines can be short phrases (typically no longer than five to seven words), but we’ll make this easy. The goal is to help you summarize who you are, in order to inform your social media voice. Start by choosing three adjectives that fall into one or all of the categories below: An adjective describing what you do. Another addressing how you do it. One more pertaining to why you do it. Let’s say you run a car dealership. What are some things you might value? Honesty Experience Quality service Put that together, and you could come up with a tagline like: Honest. Experience. Quality. How To Write For Social Media To Create The Best Posts Social media success requires strong writing skills. However, not all social media managers consider themselves writers. Fortunately, writing great social media content doesn’t have to be difficult. Not every post needs to reinvent the copywriting wheel, after all. Still, taking the time to get your writing right is worth it. Lets  learn how to write for social media and start creating better content now. Why Does It Matter If You Write Well On Social Media? Every social post you publish reflects on your brand. If you’re sloppy, your company will look sloppy too. Even worse, it could undermine your success on social media. Thats why its important to write well on social media. Social media copywriting requires some unique skills.  You need to be able to cram as much value into as few words as possible. You also have to be consistent and engaging at all times. Plus, every network is unique. What works on Facebook might flop  on LinkedIn. This makes becoming a master social wordsmith even more difficult. And thats exactly why we wrote this post. How To Write For Social Media To Create The Best Posts Consistency Counts (So Build A Social Media Style Guide) Keeping your social copy clean and within brand standards can be a challenge. Developing a simple style guide can help with this. A basic style guide can be one or two pages long, and should include the following: Mission Statement: This can be twofold:  why does your business exist, and why are you on social media? Audience/Persona Summary: Briefly describe your core audience on social media. Who are you writing for, anyway? Social Media Brand Voice: Describe what your social brand voice should sound like (casual, serious, professional, irreverent, etc.). Tone: Describe your social tone (helpful, funny, authoritative, etc.) Branding: List requirements for brand spellings (and other copy-related branding elements). Message Types (By Network): Not all content needs to go on every network. Create some guidelines on which types of messaging are appropriate on which of your social networks. If you need help building a style guide, this guide from Hubspot  is a great primer. TIP: Use the Social Media Style Guide Template included in this post to build your own style guide. Put Together a Social Media Writing Toolbox The first thing you'll need is the Social Message  Optimizer! It's the latest FREE tool from your friends at .  Ã°Å¸Ëœâ€° The Social Message  Optimizer helps you nail the mechanics behind writing amazing social media messages. That means it analyzes your message type, character length, number of hashtags, emoji count, and more to help you optimize the perfect message for every social network! When you use the Social Message  Optimizer, you'll: Stop guessing what works (and what doesn't). Learning and then remembering all of the best practices for writing on every social network is super time-consuming and tedious. Now you have a clear place to start writing every social media message! Just write, review your score on each network, and optimize further based on real data. Get immediate feedback to improve quickly. Consider the Social Message  Optimizer your expert who is always there to answer your questions. You'll A/B test your messages before you publish them to get the most engagement on each network. Get even more engagement than ever before.  Capture more eyeballs with your messages! Get more likes, comments, shares, and link clicks by using the data from  6,399,322 social messages to refine yours to be among the top 10%. Use the Social Message  Optimizer now. Grammarly We've all published a social post with a typo before. And we've all felt like this as a result: This is where Grammarly's free browser extension (available for Chrome, Firefox, and Safari) comes in handy. It's a life-saving spelling and grammar checking tool. Install it on your browser, and it'll check your spelling and grammar on everything you write, anywhere (including on social media). Hashtagify.me Looking for relevant hashtags to incorporate into your tweets? Hashtagify.me should fit the bill. It's an easy-to-use hashtag search engine to help you find hashtags people are actually using. 9 Basic Social Media Writing Tips Like we said earlier, every network has its own quirks and best practices. However, there are some standard best practices that generally apply to most networks, too. Let's review those now. Start writing better on social media now.Understand Active Vs. Passive Voice Using active voice helps produce more engaging copy. According to PlainLanguage.gov, Readers prefer active voice sentences, and we should try to use the active voice in most of our business writing to communicate our message most effectively. Active voice clearly identifies the action and who is performing that action. Most writers are familiar with active and passive voice. If you’re not sure what the difference is (and were afraid to ask) though, then never fear. There’s no shame here. Let’s walk through each one: Hear the difference? The first example puts the subject (â€Å"I†) in the driver’s seat. It’s more action-oriented. The second example, however, sounds a bit more flat, factual, and lacking action. Writing for social media? Use active voice.Put Your Audience First It's rude to only talk about yourself. So, write in a way that puts your audience at the center of the story instead. How do you do this? Simple. Say â€Å"you† more than you say â€Å"us.† Here’s a good example from Threadless’ Twitter bio: Write Stuff People Want To Share This requires understanding why people  share content. Let's  break this down into five major reasons: Delivering value to their audience. People want to share things their audience will find valuable. This could mean content that’s helpful, entertaining, or otherwise worth paying attention to. Try writing posts that convey a clear benefit. If you create how-to content, consider writing copy that hints at what the linked article will help readers do. You can also create unlinked social messages that include a useful tip in your post copy or image copy. Here’s an example from Bobcat Company: To  express and define themselves. When sharing posts, people often think, â€Å"How does sharing  this reinforce my identity?† Use surveys or create personas to understand your typical audience member. From there, figure out how they identify themselves. For example, if you sell construction equipment, your audience might see themselves as â€Å"tough† or â€Å"hard-working.† Pickup truck manufacturers know their customers connect their identities to what they drive. This post from Ram Trucks capitalizes on this: To feel connected to others. Social media is about building connections and relationships. People naturally want to share posts that shows they’re part of something bigger themselves. They also like to share posts likely to start a conversation (so they can converse with other people). One way to do this is to write messages that encourage tagging and sharing. Like this: To make themselves feel valued. People want to share posts that are likely to get likes, shares, and positive comments. It feels good to share something your friends like, right?  You might also consider writing messages showing appreciation for your audience. To express beliefs or support causes. People love sharing opinions on social media.  You probably don't need to be told that, either. If it’s appropriate, take a stance on something or show your support for a cause. You don’t have to get too controversial (although sometimes a little bit of controversy is okay). Here’s an example from the United Nations: This tweet does each of the following: It promotes a cause (gender equality). It incorporates a relevant hashtag in the middle of the tweet. It uses positive language. It links to a page where viewers can take action. It also achieves each of these goals without being offensive or inflammatory. Before writing social posts, ask 'Why would someone share this'?Make Sure You Have Clear  Message-Match Between Your Posts And Destination Pages If your post is linking to an external page, then your post messaging needs to match your landing page messaging. In short, your social media content needs to follow through on the promises your posts make. Here are a few tips to keep in mind: Double-check that links are accurate. Only link to substantive pages with good information. And make sure your post copy is relevant to your destination page. Check out this tweet from Esquire. It’s written to stoke curiosity and intrigue. What will  happen on season 2 of Stranger Things? Who knows? I don't, but the destination page here better tell me. Once I reach the page, it’s immediately clear that the post copy directed me to a relevant link. The destination page’s headline is well aligned with the tweet, too. That’s a good thing, because if this ended up being click bait, I would have thrown my keyword. Don’t make people want to throw their keyboards. Make sure your social messaging matches your  destination page.Make Sure Your Copy Matches Your Visual Content, Too If you’re writing image copy, consider connecting it with your post copy too. Here’s a great example from Gary Vaynerchuk: See how the post copy connects with the image copy? One leads into the other to communicate one clear message. Here’s another example from the NFL that creatively incorporates a player’s number (in this case, Randall Cobb of the Green Bay Packers, the greatest sports franchise in history*): *Your favorite team is great, too. This creative campaign counted down the days until kickoff, including a different player down to opening day. Be Clear And Concise Avoid complex language and use short sentences. People skim on social media, so punchy posts tend to work better than long-winded paragraphs. Try to limit yourself to just one or two sentences, if possible. This isn’t a firm rule, but it may be a useful guideline to keep yourself from rambling. Struggling to keep your posts short? Try working through this simple exercise. Start by reading  this example post: â€Å"Here is our latest blog post about a very awesome topic you’ll enjoy.† This isn’t that bad, right? Well, there are a lot of wasted words we could do without. Let’s try minimizing stop words (is, a, etc.) and see how it sounds. We could also make the end of the sentence more specific, focusing on one detail to use fewer words. â€Å"Here’s our latest blog post about blogging.† Hear the difference? The second example says essentially the same thing. It just does it with fewer but more specific words, and sounds much better as a result. Clarity and conciseness are key for writing well on social media.Avoid Pushy, Overly Sales-Driven Messaging At least when it comes to writing organic social media content. While social ads need to be written to sell, organic social posts should be written to inform, entertain, or otherwise make a connection with your audience. That doesn’t mean you can’t promote yourself. It just means it’s best to find a way to sell people on the idea of taking an action without directly sounding like you’re making a sales pitch. Here’s an example from music distribution platform Bandcamp: If you must write a sales message, focus on benefits to the consumer. This tweet from Threadless lets people know there’s a sale going on without forcefully saying, â€Å"Buy Now† or â€Å"Shop Here.† It also uses a nice, clear image. Invoke Curiosity Write in a way that makes people want to click through. If you’re linking to another article or blog post, you don’t need to tell the whole story in your social media update. Instead, leave some details unanswered while implying your linked articles will answer their questions. What is the mystery on "The Curse of Oak Island," anyway?  You don't have to care about construction equipment to want to find out. Recommended Reading: How To Use Social Media Analytics To Create The Best Content Social Media Writing Tips For Each Network Every social media network is different. Different audiences. Different purposes. Different expectations. Your writing and messaging should be adjusted accordingly. Instead of writing one message for every network, tailor your messaging to each one individually. To do this, it helps to understand the purpose of each network, and what works best on each one: Consider audience expectations for each network when writing social media posts.Facebook Writing Tips With declining Facebook organic reach, sharp copy is now more important than ever. Keep Posts Short There’s some wiggle room on this one. However, data shows short posts perform best. Avoid Promotional Calls-To-Action Facebook’s algorithm can detect overly promotional language. This means wording like, â€Å"Buy Now!† or â€Å"Sign up here!† Posts with a hard sales message get demoted in the newsfeed, and with organic reach already in decline, that’s something you can’t afford. Write Shareable Article Headlines If you’re writing blog posts or articles, keep Facebook in mind when crafting catchy headlines. Think short, punchy, and conversational. Recommended Reading: Facebook Marketing Strategy: Why You Need One (And How to Build It) Twitter Writing Tips You can do a surprising amount with just 140 characters. Here are some tips to make the most of your tweets. Do More Than Simply Reshare Headlines As Post Copy This one is okay in moderation. However, it’s better to write copy that adds to the story your article is telling.  Here’s an example of what we mean: Instead of reusing the article headline as a social post, the post outlines the story in the article. This helps build interest in clicking the link, and prevents wasting people’s time reading the same text twice. Incorporate Hashtags Directly In Tweet Copy It’s easy to add hashtags to the end of a post. However, consider cleverly incorporating them directly into your tweets instead. In this example from Electronic Arts, a single hashtag is the entire post. This creates a clean look for your hashtags, and ensures they get seen. Get creative and directly incorporate hashtags in your social posts.Go Easy On Hashtags, Though Make sure your message isn’t lost in a sea of hashtags. Aim to use two, or maybe three, at the most. Recommended Reading: How To Use Hashtags Effectively Without Being Annoying Be Mindful Of Your Character Limit You have 140 characters here. Stay under that limit without cutting corners. Conciseness is no excuse for lack of clarity. If you can’t use complete sentences, you need to rewrite your tweet. Try Adding URLs In The Middle Of Tweets (Instead Of At The End) This tip comes from Dan Zarrella at Hubspot. This data is a little old at this point, but in 2011, he discovered that â€Å"the best area for clicks is about 25% of the way through the Tweet.† As a writer, testing this requires you to consider writing in a way that would let you place a link after just two or three words. Try following this formula: [Short Intro] + [URL] + [Longer Explanation]. Have you tried putting URLs in the middle of tweets, instead of at the end?Tag Other Relevant Accounts Within Your Tweet Copy This helps alert other folks that you’re talking about them. In turn, they’ll be more likely to share your posts. It’s win-win. Be sure to write your posts with other accounts in mind. Incorporate Emojis Into Your Tweet Copy Like it or not, â€Å"emoji† is turning into a language all its own. Used creatively, they can add a splash of character to your tweets. Check out this example from Sporting Kansas City, a Major League Soccer team: Tell A Story In A Tweet It’s possible to tell a complete story in a tweet. Here’s an example from Microsoft: This tweet outlines the entire article in under 140 characters. Recommended Reading: 15 Tactics to Boost Twitter Engagement (Backed By Research) Google+ Writing Tips Google+ is different from other social networks and allows for some interesting formatting options. Use that to your advantage. Write Compelling Post Headlines Google+ is unique in that it allows you to write bolded headlines. General best practices for writing headlines applies here. Don’t Be Afraid To Tell A Whole Story Google+ posts can run a bit longer than on other networks. Take advantage of that. Go into more detail than normal if you feel you need to. LinkedIn Writing Tips LinkedIn is a professional network. Here's how to make sure your writing reflects that. Be Clear Avoid using professional lingo if it won’t be understood by your audience. Be Concise Get to the point. Don’t ramble. Busy professionals don’t have time to waste. Stay Professional LinkedIn is a professional network. Don’t forget this when writing your posts. Stick to a professional tone. Instagram Writing Tips Instagram is a visual-driven network. However, the written word still has its place there. Think About Alignment Between Your Image Copy And Post Copy Instagram is a visual network, but the written word still has a place there. Write image copy that hooks people’s attention while connecting with your post text. Don’t Forget Hashtags Instagram likes hashtags. Don’t be afraid to use them liberally at the end of your posts. Recommended Reading: How To Improve Your Visual Marketing On Pinterest And Instagram Pinterest Writing Tips Pinterest is a highly visual network, but that doesn't mean you can neglect your writing chops here. Write Longer Pin Descriptions According to a study from Dan Zarrella, descriptions over 200 characters long received more repins. That could be thanks to those pins having more detailed context around what they're about to entice people to click and share. Include Links in Pin Descriptions If people like the images you pin, they'll probably want to learn more about where they came from. Adding a link helps, and don't be afraid to add a call to action, either. Include Relevant Keywords in Your Pin Descriptions Including keywords in pin descriptions can help them show up in searches on Pinterest. How To Define And Develop Your Voice And Tone People expect social media accounts to have a consistent voice. Your presence needs personality, even if you’re representing a brand. Social media is about generating conversation. No one wants to talk to someone boring. This means you’ll need to develop a consistent voice. One that’s both true to your brand or personality, while fitting for each social network you’re on. What Does Your Social Media Voice Sound Like? Your voice is essentially your personality on social media. Are you fun? Serious? Creative? What's The Difference Between Voice And Tone? Voice and tone are often used interchangeably. However, there is a difference, and it's important to understand them both. Your tone is the inflection you apply to your voice. Depending on the context, you could sound happy, sad, angry, or any other emotion that's appropriate. Buffer's Kevan Lee may have put it best: Essentially, there is one voice for your brand and many tones that refine that voice.  Voice is a mission statement. Tone is the application of that mission. How To Develop  Your Brand's Social Media Personality Start by asking these questions: What is my/our mission or purpose? What are our values? What kind of language and tone does our audience use? Then, try filling in the blanks here a few different ways: â€Å"We are ________ , but we’re not __________ .† An example answer here could be, â€Å"We are funny, but we’re not offensive.† Or, â€Å"We are professional, but we’re not stuffy.† The idea is to narrow down who you are, and who you’re not. Recommended Reading: This Is The Social Media Posting Schedule That Will Boost Your Traffic By 192% Are You Personable? Professional? Or Both? Social media is often used to keep in touch with friends, family, and colleagues. That means your social media content has to compete against updates from people users are close with. It's a simple fact that most people don’t log into a social network to see content from brands, companies, or bloggers. There are exceptions, of course. In any case, you need to write to stand out and hook people’s attention. This requires understanding what your audience expects to see from you. And that might be hard if your brand isn’t inherently â€Å"fun.† So, what can you do? Know Your Audience Who are your customers? What are their values, concerns, and interests? It’s important to figure this out if you don’t already know. Survey your audience if you have to. You need to know who you’re writing for before you can understand what they want from you. Creating a social media audience persona might help. This essentially entails creating a character description of your average target audience member. Building personas takes a little bit of work, but it can help you get a clear idea of who you’re writing for. TIP: Know who you’re writing for on social media. Do this by running surveys, building personas, or even just listening to what they say on social media. Know Your Competition Seeing what kind of content your competition is writing can help inspire your own approach. Check out some of your competitor’s social profiles and make note of the following: What does their brand voice sound like? Does their content appear to drive engagement? If this company were a person, would I want to talk to them? This can give you an idea of what works in your industry. TIP: Pay attention to competitors in your space on social media. Note their writing style. Take inspiration from what works, and then do it better yourself. Know Yourself. Cat videos, memes, and other distractions dominate on social media. Those things might work for your brand. They could also be totally inappropriate. The key is to find the right balance between personable and professional content and tone for your audience. Start by defining yourself under one of these three categories: Personable. Your brand is fun, warm, and inviting. Professional. Your brand is serious, authoritative, and orderly. Both. Your brand bridges both of the above, tying fun content into more professional themes. How do you know which is best for your brand? One answer is to use common sense. If you’re a legal firm, for example, you probably don’t want to sound lighthearted. If you run a pet adoption center, however, you’d likely want to sound fun and inviting to get people in the door. What do you do if it isn’t immediately obvious which of these three categories best fits your brand? Try working through these three exercises to figure it out. Exercise 1: Determine Who You Are (By Determining Who You’re Not) One way to help understand your brand voice is to ask â€Å"We are ______ , but we are not ______ â€Å" questions. This can help you know who you are, and just as importantly, who you’re not. As an exercise, fill in those blanks a few different ways. Here are some examples: â€Å"We're fun, but we’re not goofy.† â€Å"We're informative, but we’re not boring.† â€Å"We're authoritative, but we’re not arrogant.† Exercise 2: Try Summarizing Your Brand In Just Three Adjectives Another idea is to simply think of three adjectives that describe your brand. In traditional advertising parlance, this could be thought of as a â€Å"tag line.† According to The Balance, A variant of a branding slogan, a tagline can be used in marketing materials and advertising. The idea behind the concept is to create  a memorable dramatic phrase that will sum up the tone and premise of an audio/visual product, or to reinforce and strengthen the audience's memory of a literary product. Your mission (should you choose to accept it), is to do one of the following: Keep your company’s existing tag line in mind when writing on social media. Ask yourself, â€Å"How does this messaging support or reflect what we’re about?† Come up with a new tagline. It doesn’t have to be one you use publicly. It could even just a short phrase you use internally to guide your copy. Let’s try developing a simple tagline using three adjectives. Taglines can be short phrases (typically no longer than five to seven words), but we’ll make this easy. The goal is to help you summarize who you are, in order to inform your social media voice. Start by choosing three adjectives that fall into one or all of the categories below: An adjective describing what you do. Another addressing how you do it. One more pertaining to why you do it. Let’s say you run a car dealership. What are some things you might value? Honesty Experience Quality service Put that together, and you could come up with a tagline like: Honest. Experience. Quality.

The closing of the Muslim mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

The closing of the Muslim mind - Essay Example (b) What are the political, economic and cultural consequences of the closing of the Muslim mind? (c) Is the emergence and strength of the Al Qaeda associated with the closing of the Muslim mind? (d) Is there a way out of this dysfunctional culture for the ordinary Muslim? The closing of the Muslim mind as put forward by Reilly represents the rejection of reason by Muslims, in favour of an irrational and strict adherence to the tenets of Islam and the Quran, irrespective of whether they conform tot he demands of human reason or not. Reilly traces the roots of the present dysfunctional Islamic culture back to a great intellectual battle that took place between two groups of Muslims – the Mu’tazlites and the Ash’arites, which raged during the 9th century and was settled around the middle of the century. The Mu’tzalites attempted to balance faith and reason in the same manner as Christianity was also seeking to do. They fully accepted the teachings of the Qur an and its authority, but argued that these teachings could be subjected to logic and reason; logical analysis of the works of Allah could prove amenable to the demands of human reason. ... They were so adamant on their viewpoint that they would not allow even the slightest questioning of the Quran, they would accept no less than complete and utter obedience. The Mu’tzalites pointed out that some contradictions existed in the Quran and argued that reason had to be the guiding factor leading believers to the truth. But the Ash’arites shot back that if Allah chose to be contradictory, who were mere mortals to question him? In this great intellectual battle, the Ash’arites were the victors. The presence of the Mu’tzalites and their reasoning held the door open for some dialogue to occur between different faiths, but with the triumph of the Ash’arite view banged the door shut on the Muslim mind, because reason itself was held in contempt by the dominant view, therefore any interfaith dialogue became impossible. It also made the Muslims resistant to a scientific outlook and an analytic approach. Once reason was closed off, all battles becam e subject to winning through power and dominance; any questioning of the Quran was held to be blasphemous and worthy of condemnation. The most disastrous consequence of the closing of the Muslim mind is the death of scientific advances and achievements in the Muslim world. All of the major scientific accomplishments in the Islamic world were achieved prior to the 12th century; after the conclusive victory of the Ash’arites, there has been a notable lack of scientific development and thought among Islamic countries, because the Muslim mind has been closed off to reason, logic and questioning, in favour of blind, unquestioning obedience to the tenets of the Quran. Unlike Western civilization, which embraces reason and progresses through the propagation of reason, Islam embraces irrationality. Any belief or

Implications of USA not Ratifying the Kyoto Protocol Research Paper

Implications of USA not Ratifying the Kyoto Protocol - Research Paper Example The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The main purpose of the convention was to stabilize the emission of greenhouse gases. States agreed that they would lessen the green house emissions in their countries1. It was also recognized that developed countries were responsible for emitting high amounts of green house gases. The convention did not provide any plan for action2 instead it just encouraged countries to lessen their emissions. A forum was held in Berlin that came up with the Berlin mandate, which was mainly a mandate by several countries to set policies, and measure that would see the enforcement of the targets set for reduction of greenhouse gases. A second conference3 was held in Geneva Switzerland that led to a declaration, which stated the climate change levels were alarming, and needed strong commitments that were legally binding. There was then held a third conference in Kyoto in Japan whereby countries signed the Kyoto Protocol. The protocol gave targets for greenhouse gas emissions of specific countries. The protocol provided that upon the ratification by 55 industrialized countries it would come into full effect4. What did ratification imply? Ratification meant that countries would implement the protocol within their national institutions. The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement negotiated by countries under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Kyoto protocol is a protocol that is aimed at reducing emissions of carbon-dioxide gases and greenhouse gases. This is seen whereby the protocol sets targets for countries that emit carbon dioxide and green house gases. This carbon gases include gases such as Hydrofluorocarbons, Perflourocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, nitrous oxide and methane. The difference that is seen in the convention and the protocol is that the protocol encouraged industrialized countries to control or otherwise stabilize their green house emissions by co mmitting such countries to do so5. The protocol states that if the participating countries continue in the emission of the green house gases they should engage in trading of emission. The protocol uses both national and international mechanisms to ensure the reduction of green house gases. When it comes to national mechanisms, the protocol encourages countries to enact laws that will enhance the purpose of the protocol and therefore reduce the emission of these gases. On international mechanisms, the protocol has come up with three mechanisms that include emission trading, clean development mechanisms and joint implementation6. The protocol Emission trading is the buying of credits from the countries that have managed to exceed the targets set for reduction in order to offset their emissions. The protocol also has several means of monitoring it targets. To begin with is the keeping of a registry whereby countries keep a registry log in the United Nations Secretariat to ensure that c ountries comply with the rules of the protocol. Secondly, a compliance mechanism ensures that countries observe their specific commitments7. There is also adaptation mechanism in the countries that are still developing in that they are provided with assistance to adapt to their climatic changes. In addition, there is

Mooting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mooting - Essay Example right position by upholding that an advertisement is an invitation to treat and not an offer, therefore there was neither an offer nor contract between the respondent and the appellant. In proving this the respondent will rely on the literal rule of the statute. 2. The respondent submits that the advert which was placed on the 4th November was just an invitation to treat. We further submit that the judge is expected to at first instance apply the literal rule of the statute before considering anything else.1 Thus we submit that as held in partridge,2 an advert amount to an invitation to treat and not an offer.3 4. We submit that though it’s possible to make an offer to the world (unilateral offer), the facts of this particular case are very different from those of Carlill v Carbolic smoke ball case,5 since in the Carlill case the respondent company had deposited $1,000 in the Alliance Bank to show their commitment and in which it can be inferred their intention to be bound by, upon acceptance, but in this case, the Respondent did not show in any way either express or implied intention to be bound by the advert upon acceptance thus it can only be concluded to be an invitation to treat and not an offer. 5. Furthermore, the respondent submits that the Appellant did not communicate upon acceptance as it’s the general the rule of requirement that the offeree must communicate to the offeror upon acceptance to effect the contract formation.6 Also, the appellant cannot claim that their conduct amount to an acceptance,7 since the need to communicate acceptance is only waived when the other party does not object to the conduct of the appellant. But in this case the respondent objected to the appellant conduct long before even the stall was opened,8 and even upon opening the stall their objected to his

Donoghue v Stevenson Analysis

Donoghue v Stevenson Analysis Introduction The case of Donoghue v Stevenson is arguably one of the most famous cases in the common law system and definitely one of the most important in the history of the development of the tort law. The revolutionary significance of the decision in this case is in the establishment of a standardised duty of care in negligence cases. Indeed, over the years after the precedent was set the courts have progressively shifted from the ascertaining a specific duty of care for each kind of situations, to the approach that assumes the existence of the general duty of care as it was established in Donoghue v Stevenson, and in particular Lord Atkins famous neighbour principle.[1] This essay is going to discuss the relevance of the principles established in this case in the modern tort law. The essay will start with the discussion of the established precedent, then moving to the development of the neighbour principle in the subsequent case law and its application today. The importance of the decision of the case In fact, the case established several important principles. They are: the recognition of the negligence as a distinct tort, the recognition of liability in situations, where there is no contractual relationship between the defendant and the claimant, the establishment of a duty of care owned by manufacturers to the ultimate consumers and the neighbour principle. [2] Nevertheless, Lord Atkins neighbour principle is the most well-known part of the decision of the case, despite the fact that according to the official sources it was never a part of the ratio of the decision in Donoghue v Stevenson.[3] Lord Atkins approach was recognised for the first time Word count: 1391 in the case of Hedley Byrne v Heller[4], and later in the Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd Lord Reid stated that the decision in the case of Donoghue should be treated as a precedent and that that it ought to apply unless there is some justification or valid explanation for its exclusion.[5] The idea behind this was to unify the previous cases and to make the decisions in the future cases more predictable. Thus, the neighbour principle established two concepts foreseeability and proximity. These two key concepts triggered the development of tort law in the 20th century. The development of the established concepts The principle established in Donoghue v Stevenson was seen as an important milestone in the history of tort law as it was the first successful attempt to set out a general principle with respect to the concept of the duty of care. However, later the courts started to acknowledge that the neighbour principle was too simplistic and limited in scope. Therefore, the evolution of the tort of negligence since the snail in the bottle case has been a search for control mechanisms that can limit the scope of the duty concept. So, within the case law on duty of care there has been a shift from a general concept of duty formulated in the neighbour principle to more specific criteria. Indeed, in Anns v Merton London Borough Council, the House of Lords decided to modify the test for the establishment of a duty of care by imposing policy considerations to limit the imposition of a duty of care.[6] The test formulated in Anns was that the defendant owed the claimant to take reasonable care, as long as it was reasonably foreseeable that a failure of doing so would result in damage to the claimant, unless there was some policy reason that limited the scope of the duty or the class of people to whom it was owed or the damages to which a breach of the duty may Word count: 1391 give rise. [7]The first part of the test clearly corresponds to the Lord Atkins test, but the second part was created to restrict claims. The main criticism of this test was that it could lead to an expansion of the situations in which a duty of care could arise. Therefore, in 1990 the Anns test was rejected in the case of Murphy v Brentwood District Council.[8] As the test set in Anns was not sufficient enough, and it was replaced with the test for a duty of care set in Caparo Industries v Dickman. [9] The Caparo test narrowed the test set in Anns by implementing an additional stage to the test. The Caparo test consists of requirements of reasonably foreseeable harm, a relationship of proximityaand that for the imposition of a duty to be fair just and reasonable. The first two stages of Caparo test were based on judgement in Anns, which corresponds back to Lord Atkins neighbourhood principle and the fair, just and reasonable requirement relates to same public policy considerations as the second stage of the Anns test. However, an essential difference between Caparo and Anns is that Caparo test emphasised the incremental and by analogy approach in order to prevent massive extensions of the duty of care concept, meaning that there must be an analogous situation in the previous case law in order to justify the extension of the duty of care in novel situations.[10] By accepting the incremental and by analogy approach the courts rejected the broad formulations from the previous case law and constrained the precedent set in Donoghue v Stevenson to cases concerned with physical damage. [11] Word count: 1391 So, from one point of view, it can be said that the decision in Donoghue v Stevenson created a basis for the establishment of the test in Caparo as first two requirements are clearly taken from the neighbour test. However, some critics say that the intention of judges in Caparo was to change the neighbour principle in entirety. Indeed, in the modern times the incremental approach developed in Caparo suggests that the claimant can only sue the defendant for the breach of the duty of care only in situations where the existence of the duty is established. This seems to contradict the aim of Lord Atkins biblical principle. [12] As has been recognised in Anns and Caparo, the approach taken by the judges in Donoghue v Stevenson is too simple, especially in the modern times, where the law of negligence has become even more complicated than it used to be. Nowadays the courts use different approaches for different situations, for example the approach for the establishment of duty of care for psychiatric injuries is not the same as for physical injuries. Indeed, according to Heuston other considerations beyond foreseeability and proximity begin to acquire greater significance and the principles established in Donoghue are applicable only to relatively straightforward cases, but not to the liability for non-physical injuries, or for omissions, or for the conduct of third parties.[13] However, it can be said that the decision in Donoghue v Stevenson formed a foundation for the development of all the aforementioned areas of tort law. Conclusion To conclude, some scholars express the view that the importance of the case of Donoghue v Stevenson was overrated both by its supporters and critics.[14] However, in my opinion, even though the importance of the decision of this case nowadays is reduced, the case has a lasting effect, the significance of which lies not only in the established principles, but in the ideas that changed the law of tort forever, and in particular the law of negligence. Bibliography Cases Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners Ltd [1963] 2 All ER Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd [1970] AC 1004 Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1977] UKHL 4 Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] UKHL 2 Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman [1990] UKHL 2 Articles J.C. Smith, Peter Burns, Donoghue v. Stevenson: The Not so Golden Anniversary [1983], MLR 1 R.F.V. Heuston, Donoghue v Stevenson in Retrospect, [1957], MLR 20(1) Gavin Murphy, The snail and the ginger beer: the singular case of Donoghue v Stevenson [2011], CLB 37(1) Keith Patten, Snail trail, (New Law Journal, 11 May 2012) assessed 22 November 2016 Z0973311 Word count: 1391 Jessica Randell, Duty of Care Haunting Past, Uncertain Future (2014) North East Law Review 2 (2) Books Simon Deakin, Angus Johnston, Basil Markesinis, Markesinis and Deakins Tort Law (7th edn, Oxford University Press Higher Education Division 2012) Horsey K., Rackley E., Tort Law (3rd edn, Oxford University Press Higher Education Division 2013) [1] J. C. Smith and Peter Burns, Donoghue v. Stevenson-The Not So Golden Anniversary (1983) 46 (2) MLR 1 [2] R. F. V. Heuston, Donoghue v. Stevenson in Retrospect (1957) 20(1) MLR [3] Keith Patten, Snail trail, (New Law Journal, 11 May 2012) assessed 22 November 2016 [4] Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners Ltd [1963] 2 All ER [5] Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd Lord Reid [1970] AC 1004 [6] Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1977] UKHL 4 [7] Kirsty Horsey, Erika Rackley, Tort Law (3rd edn, Oxford University Press Higher Education Division 2013) [8] Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] UKHL 2 [9]Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] UKHL 2 [10] Jessica Randell, Duty of Care Haunting Past, Uncertain Future (2014) North East Law Review 2 (2) [11] Simon Deakin, Angus Johnston and Basil Markensinis, Markesinis and Deakins Tort Law (7th edn, Oxford University Press Higher Education Division 2012) [12] Patten(n 3) [13] Heuston (n 2) [14] Gavin Murphy, The snail and the ginger beer: the singular case of Donoghue v Stevenson [2011], CLB 37(1)

journeyhod Spiritual Journey in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essa

Spiritual Journey in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚   Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad may be a narrative about colonisation, revealing its drawbacks and corruption, but it may also be understood as a journey into the depths of one’s psyche, if taken at a symbolic level. At the beginning of the novel the reader is informed that Marlow is â€Å"not typical†, that he, contrary to stay-at-home-minded seamen, is a â€Å"wanderer†. He has no home, in a psychological sense of the word. He simply â€Å"follows the sea†. This may evoke an interpretation that the man is disturbed, that he attempts to find out about the secrets of his soul, to get to know himself. Since boyhood he had been interested in unexplored lands and especially in a long winding snake-like river with the â€Å"head† in the sea and the â€Å"tail† plunging deeply into the land, which, as Marlow admits, â€Å"charmed† him. This image resembles a map of a journey from the dark lands of the soul, the unconstrained, uncivilised core, which may be called a Freudian Id, towards light, that is Superego. Marlow desires to follow this path in the opposite di...

Koko the Gorrilla

Jocelyn bolanos Anthropology 118 22 October 2012 Koko the Gorrilla Koko is an extraordinary gorilla that is able to communicate to humans by the use of American Sign Language. Although there may be many linguists who discredit this notion, AOl chat was able to provide transcripts between penny, who is Koko’s translator, and Koko the gorilla through the use of American Sign Language The transcripts provide evidence of gestures, behaviors, and thoughts that Koko does through her conversation with penny.To begin with, Koko’s symbolic behavior lacks compared to that of penny and AOL behaviors, but let us take into consideration that we, as humans have developed language as part of culture for several centuries and as for Koko the gorilla she has only been train for only a couple of years, I suspect. Through out the transcript Koko shows gestures and behaviors that to many would believe can symbolize her way of understanding and comprehending rationalized ideas. For example, when penny asked Koko if she believed people loved her, Koko responded by saying, â€Å"Love no. (headshake). This simple yet sophisticated answer can provide evidence that Koko is able to communicate with humans even if the form of the sentence is not correct the way people would assume it to be. However, because Koko has her own grammar system of rules it allows for the combination of those words into meaningful sentences. This could also be seen in human language, if the sentence formatting was wrong we would still be able to decipher what the message is trying to saying. Another example that can be seen of a symbolic behavior of language is when Koko says, â€Å" people apple give me. Penny recognizes the signs that Koko gives, therefore both have an understanding for each other’s sign even if the sign are arbitrary. Furthermore, I would consider Koko a speaker of language. A language is the capacity of acquiring and using complex systems of communication. All language s rely on the process of semiosis to relate sign to particular meanings. There are many examples in the transcript that show Koko relying on language as a way to convey a message. For example, when Koko says, Browse for there hurry,† Koko is relying conveying an action to relate to a sign which is food to convey a eaning, which is for penny to hurry up and give her food. Human language is thought to convey of two parts; one is lexicon and second is grammar. Koko is able to communicate with her translator penny with her own lexicon, which would be 1000 words of sign language and who also understand over 2000 words of spoken English. Koko is able to convey her thoughts into sign that penny is able to understand. For example, when Koko says, â€Å" mouth give me. † Koko uses sign to communicate with penny, telling her to give her food.Because linguistic signs are arbitrary, Penny and Koko both had to have an understanding with each other, they both had to agree to assign a valuable meaning on that specific sign. Language separates us from others and because we cannot determine whether animals have â€Å"thought,† many people can say that penny is interpreting small gestures and actions into a series language that many not actually be within Koko’s intellectual capacity. I still believe that Koko is a speaker because language is a natural organism, that grows and evolves in accordance with fixed laws and not determinable by the will of humans.Since Koko is able to form her own sentence using her lexicon, I would consider her to a speaker of language. Language is not a function of the speaker, but it is passively assimilated, that too could mean the same to for Koko. In addition, I believe that these transcripts do not provide sufficient evidence to decide whether Koko is a speaker of language or not. Although I believe Koko is understandable of human language there are further question to address. Koko could just be one in a million chan ce that is able to comprehend human language or it could all be sign and actions misinterpreted into a so called language.To further conclude that this is not the case, I would need to have more information on other cases of gorillas that can also speak in American Sign Language. His could further prove that Koko is just not an extraordinary case but it is seen in other gorillas. I would also like more information on Koko’s life and if she chosen for any specific reasons as for learning Sign Language. Did she show more intellectual capacities than other gorillas? I would also like to know if Koko only uses American Sign Language as the only form of communication with others or does she resort to her natural way of communication with humans and other gorillas.I would also like to know the process of teaching her American Sign Language and how she interacted back in the process of learning. This information could give me a clear understanding for the reasons why she was she and give me evidence that she was actually thought something and was not misguided or misinterpreted into something that it truly was not. In conclusion, Koko is a very special gorilla that I believe is a speaker of language because she is able to understand and comprehend rational ideas.Language is always changing, words are always being added, Koko has her own language that is understood through her translator Penny, she is not only able to communicate but one is led to believe she is capable of rationalize thoughts and comprehension of sign language. Although her ideas may not be clear she has an understanding of the human language that is clear enough for the human to interpret what it is she is trying to say. Koko has her own lexicon and grammar to which in turn provides a meaningful sentence that not only she can understand but to Penny as well.

The eNotes Blog 3 Tips to Overcome TestAnxiety

3 Tips to Overcome TestAnxiety For many of you end of year finals are here, or if not, theyre lurking behind the next corner. If this thought makes your stomach drop or your  palms sweat, we have some helpful tips for working past your test anxiety and getting the grade you deserve. Read on, and good luck! Its time for that final push before the end of another school year. Whatever form they might take SATs, ACTs, midterms or finals exams are just around the corner, and no matter how well youve prepared you  still  get those test-day jitters. If this sounds like you, dont fear! Here are three study tips to help you calm your nerves before your next test or exam Dont cram before your test. You should begin studying for your exam well in advance of D-Day. Some review the night before is wise, but leaving your studying until the last minute can turn any nervous test taker into a nervous wreck. Instead, finish early the night before and move on to the next step below.   Practice meditation. You dont have to be a yogi to meditate; meditation is simply the act of clearing the mind of external, nagging thoughts. You probably practice meditation throughout the day without even realizing it! Now try it consciously by breathing deeply, relaxing your body one muscle at a time, and emptying your thoughts of exam stress.  A recent study  also shows the positive effect meditation can have on grades, which means this tactic can not only help you to relax, but to actually improve your score as well. For help with how to relax your body and empty your mind, try listening to  this guided meditation  specifically for students. Follow these steps the night before your exam and not only will you have a great nights sleep, but youll be calm and set for your big test too. During your test its easy for nerves to give way to panic. But if you go down that route, you could spend half your time fretting over questions instead of actually answering them. Try to keep yourself grounded in the exam itself by focusing your concentration on one question at a time. To build up your confidence, you may want to answer easier questions first before moving on to more difficult ones. And of course, begin your exam by skimming through as much of the test packet as youre permitted to. This will give you a good idea of how to manage your time wisely. And if it gets tough, remember: just breathe. You know the material, so dont let shaky nerves hold you back from the grade you deserve! Here are five more quick tips and tricks to remember on test day: Dont worry about how quickly other people finish their tests, and dont be afraid to take your time. Rushing isnt necessarily a sign of competence. Taking a Math or Science test? Write down important formulas you may need to remember during the test in a margin. For tests in other subjects you can also use this trick for important dates or definitions that are easy to forget. Exercise in the days leading up to your exams to reduce stress. Dont forget to read the directions for every test section before you begin! Show up to the test site early so you dont have to stress about possibly being late. Good luck with finals!

Death Penalty in the Philippines Essay Essays

Death Penalty in the Philippines Essay Essays Death Penalty in the Philippines Essay Paper Death Penalty in the Philippines Essay Paper 1987. But six yearsafter it has reimposed the decease punishment. the Philippines has overtaken its Asiatic neighbours and hasthe most figure of decease inmates. Within less than a twelvemonth. nevertheless. the military constitution was buttonholing for its reimposition as ameans to battle the â€Å"intensifying† offenses of the CPP/NPA guerillas. Gen. Fidel V. Ramos. thenChief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and subsequently elected President of the Philippines in 1992. was among those who were strongly naming for the reintroduction of the decease punishment againstrebellion. slaying and drug trafficking. In mid 1987. a measure to reinstate the decease punishment was submitted to Congress. Military force per unit area wasvery much evident in the preamble which cited the pestering insurgence every bit good asthe recommendations of the constabulary and the military as obliging grounds for the reimposition ofthe decease punishment. The measure cited recent right flying putsch efforts as an illustration of the alarmingdeterioration of peace and order and argued for the decease punishment both as an effectual deterrentagainst flagitious offenses and as a affair of simple retaliatory justness. When Ramos was elected as President in 1992. he declared that the reimposition of the deathpenalty would be one of his precedences. Political discourtesies such as rebellion were dropped from thebill. However. the list of offenses was expanded to include economic discourtesies such as smuggling andbribery. In December 1993. RA 7659 reconstructing the decease punishment was signed into jurisprudence. The jurisprudence makersargued the deteriorating offense state of affairs was a compeling ground for its reimposition. The mainreason given was that the decease punishment is a hindrance to offense. In 1996. RA 8177 was approved. qualifying deadly injection as the method of executing. Six old ages after Last February 5. 1999. Leo Echegaray. a house painter. was executed for repeatedly ravishing hisstepdaughter. He was the first inmate to be executed since the re-imposition of decease punishment in1995. His executing sparked one time once more a het argument between the anti and the pro-death penaltyforces in the Philippines with a immense bulk of people naming for the executing of Echegaray. Thatthere was a strong blare for the infliction of the decease punishment should be viewed from the pointof position of a citizen who is urgently seeking ways to halt criminalism. The Estrada disposal peddled the decease punishment as the counterpoison to offense. The concluding wasthat if the felons will be afraid to perpetrate offenses if they see that the authorities is determinedto put to death them. Oppositors maintained that the decease punishment is non a hindrance and that therehave been surveies already exposing the disincentive theory. Legislators and politicians refused toheed the rec ommendation of the Supreme Court for Congress to reexamine the decease punishment siting onthe popularity of the pro-death punishment sentiment Six old ages after its reimposition. more than 1. 200 persons have been sentenced to decease andseven inmates have been executed through deadly injection. Yet today. there are no marks thatcriminality has gone down. From February 6. 1999. a twenty-four hours after Leo Echegaray was executed. to May 31 1999 two leadingnewspapers reported a sum of 163 offenses which could be punishable by decease punishment. But perhapsthe best index that this jurisprudence is non a hindrance to criminalism is the ever-increasing figure ofdeath inmates. From 1994 to 1995 the figure of individuals on decease row increased from 12 to 104. From 1995 to1996 it increased to 182. In 1997 the entire decease inmates was at 520 and in 1998 the inmates indeath row was at 781. As of November 1999 there are a sum of 956 decease inmates at the NationalBilibid Prisons and at the Correctional Institute for Women. As of December 31. 1999. based on the statistics compiled by the Episcopal Commission on PrisonerWelfare of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines. there were a sum of 936 convictsinterned at the National Bilibid Prisons and another 23 detained at the Correctional Institute forWomen. Of these figures. six are bush leagues and 12 are aliens. One of the grounds as to why human rights groups oppose the decease punishment is because of theweaknesses and imperfectnesss of the Philippine justness system. This is really much evident in thereview of decease punishment instances made by the Supreme Court from 1995 to 1999. Two out of everythree decease sentences handed down by the local tribunals were found to be erroneous by the SupremeCourt. Out of the 959 inmates the SC reviewed 175 instances affecting 200 inmates from 1995 to 1999 ; 3cases were reviewed in 1995. 8 in 1996. 8 in 1997. 38 in 1998. 118 in 1999. Of these 175 instances. the SC affirmed with conclusiveness and first avowal merely 31 % or 54 casesinvolving 60 inmates. Of these instances 24 were affirmed with conclusiveness. while the staying 36 weregiven first avowal. Sixty nine per centum ( 69 % ) or 121 instances were either modified. acquitted or remanded for retrial. Eighty four ( 84 ) instances affecting 95 inmates were modified to reclusion perpetua. 10 insta nces involving11 inmates were modified to indeterminate punishment. 11 instances affecting 11 inmates were remanded tolower tribunal for retrial and 16 instances affecting 23 inmates were acquitted by the SC. . In a survey prepared by the Free Legal Assistance Group ( FLAG ) . it pointed out that the consequence ofthe reappraisal of instances done by the Supreme Court â€Å"point all excessively clearly to the imperfectnesss. failings and jobs of the Philippine justness system† . Some determinations of the test tribunals wereoverturned for enforcing decease punishment on discourtesies which were non capable to decease punishment. Otherdecisions of the lower tribunals were set aside because of substantial and procedural mistakes duringarraignment and test. Still others were struck down because the lower tribunal mis-appreciatedevidences. In a study conducted among 425 inmates in 1998. 105 or 24. 7 % were agricultural workers. 103were building workers. 73 were transport workers. and 42 were in workers in gross revenues andservices. Merely 6 % finished college while 32. 4 % finished assorted degrees of high school while theremaining did non travel to school or hold finished merely simpl e or vocational instruction It is possibly of import to indicate out that out of these 46 offenses punishable by decease. the deathpenalty has been applied to merely 17 offenses. No 1 has been convicted of qualified graft. qualifiedpiracy and loot. Interestingly besides. no public functionary has been sentenced to decease for crimesinvolving public functionaries. Yet. the authorities maintains that it is effectual in battling offense. Under the decease penaltylaw. 46 offenses are considered flagitious and are now capable to the decease punishment. It imposes themandatory decease punishment on 21 offenses while the other 25 offenses are decease eligible. These arecrimes for which a scope of punishments including the decease punishment is imposed. Some Congressmans and Senators are suggesting other lists of offenses to add to the above. Some evencontemplated take downing the age of those punishable by the decease punishment to include youthfuloffenders. The decease punishment is an easy manner out for a authorities in the face of a strong call from thecitizenry who wanted the authorities to halt criminalism. It is being used to make the semblance thatthe author ities is making something to halt the offenses when in fact it is non. Sad though it possibly. more lives would be lost unless the decease punishment in the Philippines is repealed. SANTOS A. LABANPHILIPPINE ALLIANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS ADVOCATESAquino disposal 1987 Harmonizing to the 1987 Constitution. Art. III ( Bill of Rights ) . Sec. 19. ( 1 ) Excessive mulcts shall non be imposed. nor barbarous. degrading or cold penalty inflicted. Neither shall decease punishment be imposed. unless. for obliging grounds affecting flagitious offenses. theCongress afterlife provides for it. Any decease punishment already imposed shall be reduced toreclusion perpetua. In mid-1987. a measure to seeking to reinstate the decease punishment for 15 ‘heinous crimes’ includingmurder. rebellion and the import or sale of forbidden drugs was submitted in Congress. 1988 In 1988. the armed forces started buttonholing for the infliction of the decease punishment. Then Armed Forcesof the Philippines Chief General Fidel Ramos was outstanding among those naming for thereintroduction of the decease punishment for rebellion. slaying and drug-trafficking. The militarycampaign for the Restoration of the capital penalty was chiefly against the CPP-NPA. whoseoffensives so included urban blackwash runs. Anti-death punishment groups including Amnesty International opposed the measure. but the House ofRepresentatives voted for Restoration by 130 ballots to 25. 1989 Three similar measures were put before the Senate. After a bloody 1989 putsch. President Aquinocertified as pressing one of these measures on the suggestion of Ramos. The said measure once more proposed deathpenalty for rebellion. every bit good as for sedition. corruption and rebellion. 1990 The Senate suspended the ballot on decease punishment for a twelvemonth1991 The Senate did non hold to travel to a determination. Ramos disposal A series of high profile offenses during this period. including the slaying of Eileen Sarmenta andAllan Gomez. created public feeling that flagitious offenses were on the rise. The Ramosadministration succeeded in reconstructing decease punishment. 1992 President Fidel Ramos during his first State of the Nation reference declared that hisadministration would see the Restoration of the decease punishment a legislative precedence. and urgedCongress to take rapid action. 1993 Ramos signed into Republic Act 7659. the new decease punishment jurisprudence. on December 13. 1993. 1994Republic Act 7659 took consequence on January 1. 1994.1996 Republic Act No. 8177. which mandates that a decease sentence shall be carried out through lethalinjection. was approved on March 20. 1996. Estrada disposal Seven decease inmates were executed during the Estrada disposal before he announced amoratorium on executings. 1999 Leo Echegaray. 38. was executed by deadly injection on February 5. 1999. He was the first to beexecuted after the Philippines restored decease punishment. It was the Philippine’s first executing in 22 old ages. Six more work forces followed within the following 11 months. 2000 On March 24. 2000. Estrada imposed a de facto moratorium in observation of the Christian JubileeYear. He besides granted 108 Executive Clemencies to decease inmates. On December 10. 2000. Human Rights Day. Estrada announced that he would transpose sentences ofall decease inmates to life imprisonment. He expressed his desire to attest as pressing a measure seeking arepeal of the Death Penalty Law. Arroyo disposal Please see Gloria Arroyo on decease penalty–a timelineWhile the Arroyo disposal has been characterized by a flip-flopping base on decease punishment. no decease inmate has been executed under her ticker. Voting individually. the two Houses of Congress on June 6. 2006 repealed the decease punishment jurisprudence. Arroyo signed Republic Act 9346 on June 24. 2006. The jurisprudence prohibited the infliction of the deathpenalty. History of decease punishment inthe Philippines The history of the decease punishment was extensively discussed by the Supreme Court in People vs. Echegaray. [ 1 ] As early 1886. capital penalty had entered the Philippine legal system through theold Penal Code. which was a modified version of the Spanish Penal Code of 1870. The Revised Penal Code. which was enforced on 1 January 1932. provided for the decease punishment inspecified offenses under specific fortunes. Under the Revised Penal Code. decease is the penaltyfor the offenses of lese majesty. correspondence with the enemy during times of war. qualified buccaneering. parricide. slaying. infanticide. snatch. colza with homicide or with the usage of deathly weapon orby two or more individuals ensuing in insanity. robbery with homicide. and arson ensuing in decease. The list of capital discourtesies lengthened as the legislative assembly responded to the exigencies of thetimes. In 1941. Commonwealth Act ( C. A. ) No. 616 added espionage to the list. In the fiftiess. at the heightof the Huk rebellion. the authorities enacted Republic Act ( R. A. ) No. 1700. otherwise known as theAnti-Subversion Law. which carried the decease punishment for leaders of the rebellion. From 1971 to1972. more capital discourtesies were created by more Torahs. among them. t he Anti-Hijacking Law. theDangerous Drugs Act. and the Anti-Carnapping Law. During soldierly jurisprudence. Presidential Decree ( P. D. ) No. 1866 was enacted punishing with decease. among others. offenses affecting homicide committedwith an unaccredited piece. In the wake of the 1986 revolution that dismantled the Marcos government and led to thenullification of the 1973 Constitution. a new fundamental law was drafted and ratified. The1987Constitutionprovides in Article III. Section 19 ( 1 ) that: Excessive mulcts shall non be imposed. nor barbarous. degrading or cold penalty inflicted. Neithershall decease punishment be imposed. unless. for obliging grounds affecting flagitious offenses. the Congresshereafter provides for it. Any decease punishment already imposed shall be reduced to reclusionperpetua. Congress passed Republic Act No. 7659 ( entitled â€Å"An Act to Enforce the Death Punishment on CertainHeinous Crimes. Amending for that Purpose the Revised Penal Code. as Amended. Other SpecialPenal Laws. and for Other Purposes† ) . which took consequence on 31 December 1993. Constitutional challengeThis is extensively discussed in the instance of Peoples vs. Echegaray. ( For redacting ) Abolition of decease penaltyOn 24 June 2006. President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed into jurisprudence Republic Act No. 9346. entitled â€Å"An Act Forbiding the Imposition of Death Penalty in the Philippines† Effectiveness of the new jurisprudence Section 5 of R. A. No. 9346 specifically provides that it shall take consequence instantly after itspublication in two national newspapers of general circulation. This is pursuant to Article 2 oftheCivil Codewhich provides that Torahs shall take consequence after 15 yearss following the completion oftheir publication either in the Official Gazette. or in a newspaper of general circulation in thePhilippines. unless it is otherwise provided. R. A. No. 9346 was published in Malaya and Manila Times. two national newspapers of generalcirculation on 29 June 2006. Consequently. R. A. No. 9346 took consequence on 30 June 2006. [ 2 ] Exemplifying instances As a consequence of the abolishment of the decease punishment. bing punishments for decease were reducedtoreclusion perpetua. within the possibility ofparole. Here are exemplifying instances: The instance of Peoples of the Philippines vs. Quiachon [ 3 ] involves an accused who raped his 8-year olddaughter. a deaf-and-dumb. Under Article 266-B of theRevised Penal Code. the imposable penaltyshould have been decease. With the abolishment of the Death Penalty. nevertheless. the punishment was reducedtoreclusion perpetua. without the possibility of parole under theIndeterminate Sentence Law. The instance of Peoples of the Philippines vs. Santos [ 4 ] involves therapeof a 5-year old kid. Theaccused was meted the punishment of decease because colza committed against a  ¶child below seven ( 7 ) old ages old · is a dastardly and abhorrent offense which merits no less than the infliction of capitalpunishment under Article 266-B of theRevised Penal Code. The sentence was besides reducedtoreclusion perpetua. without the possibility ofparole. The instance of Peoples vs. Salome [ 5 ]involves arapeof a 13-year old miss ( who got pregnant ) . committedin a home and with the assistance of a bladed arm. The imposable punishment should hold been decease. but with the abolishment of the Death Penalty. theSupreme Courtreduced the punishment toreclusion perpetua. without the possibility ofparole. The instance of Peoples of the Philippines vs. Tubongbanua [ 6 ]involves the slaying of a victim whosuffered 18 pang lesions which were all directed to her thorax. bosom and lungs. Sing theexistence of the measure uping circumstance of apparent forethought and the aggravatingcircumstances of brooding. and taking advantage of superior strength without any mitigatingcircumstance. the proper imposable punishment would hold been decease. However. with the abolishment ofthe decease punishment jurisprudence. the punishment imposed wasreclusion perpetua. without the possibility ofparole