America and Oceania Essay - 724 Words

Encounters in Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania The Encounters in Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania were very fascinating encounters. These encounters of early societies in the Americas and Oceania were quite similar to the ones in Africa and Eurasia. Geography also played an important role in these early societies. A few topics I will address are: in what ways were the societies of the Americas and Oceania similar to those in Africa and Eurasia in spite of such isolation. The factors in which contributed to the difficulties in sustaining log distant trade of the societies in America and Oceania with neighboring societies. The last topic I will address is what the existence of such interactions despite such†¦show more content†¦In Oceania during an ice age when sea levels were exposed land bridges between the islands and narrowed sea crossings thus enabling migrations through the Indonesian archipelago. Australia was reached first then the Solomon Islands. In Oceania the population started to grow so people move d east spreading to islands. With their destination of the islands the climate was very tropical which enabled them to grow many things. With the increase in agriculture the economy grew culture spread and social classes developed. As you can see in some ways the people of Oceania and the Americas followed exactly what the people in Africa and Eurasia did. The factors in which contributed to the difficulties in sustaining log distant trade of the societies in America and Oceania with neighboring societies was simple. One factor which contributed with long distant trade was a trade route which either developed by sea or land or both. With these routes you would pass by civilizations selling goods to neighboring societies and foreign ones too. Another factor was sabotages. Along sum very far routes scavengers would try to hijack the merchants and take their goods if the weren’t careful and with this going on wars/ fights would happen with neighboring societies. Another factor was sea levels rising so this also affected trade routes in Oceania Despite such difficulties these interactions of early societiesShow MoreRelatedCultural And Religious Traditions Of The Americas And Oceania838 Words   |  4 Pages The original people of the Americas and Oceania lived in societies that were considerably smaller than those of the eastern hemisphere. Long before they entered into sustained interaction with European and other peoples, they built complex societies and developed sophisticated cultural and religious traditions. In Mesoamerica and Andean South America, they built imperial states that organized public affairs on a large scale. The cultural and religious traditions of these imperial societies reflectedRead More2015 Flight Sneakers : The United States Of America, Asia, Europe, And Oceania1482 Words   |  6 Pageswomen. The company reserves the production of these sneakers for kids. They will be combined with Diamonds and Swarovski elements. This company is going to export their product to the five continents: America, Asia, Europe and Oceania. The principal headquarter is in Miami, FL, United States of America. This company is very prestigious and its product are exclusive for people w ho do not suffer from vertigo. Leadership Evolution through History Leadership has its roots in 1930 but has evolved sinceRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Nineteen Eighty Four931 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four the author George Orwell created how he felt the world would be in the year nineteen eighty-four. In this fictional world, there were three super-states Eastasia, Eurasia, and Oceania; Oceania was the main super state where the novel took place. In Oceania, the government controlled everything: the citizens had no rights; the people were living in poor conditions, everyone was brainwashed, and hatred controlled everything. The novel focused on the rebellious waysRead MoreTotalitarianism In George Orwells 19841028 Words   |  5 Pagesselfish ways. Unlike Oceania, the United States governs their country with a different approach. In present day America, the amendments of the Constitution gives society certain freedoms and grants them the rights to have free opinions as well as freedom of religion, press, and more. With our pres idential system, the nation allows for more privileges and rights for the community unlike the government in George Orwell’s novel. 1984 has given me insight on the differences between Oceania and United StatesRead MoreBig Brother: Problem and Solution Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagesthat they arent being mistreated by their government, and most of the Americans swallow it. The government of the United States manipulates the citizens by instituting socialistic principles; however, by examining and revolting, a more democratic America will arise. Deception is the most powerful tool used by the government to keep the Americans unaware about how they are being mistreated. Imagine an individual whom is taught that they live in the only country in the world. We will call this personRead MoreThe Function of Dual Roles in Tony Kushner’s Angels in America1060 Words   |  5 PagesIn Tony Kushner’s Angels in America, the interconnection of people and events, that might ordinarily be viewed as disconnected or unrelated, is implicitly presented in the characters section. Dual roles are implemented by a playwright that has one actor portraying the roles of two or more characters, with or without thematic intentions. The use of â€Å"dual roles† in several scenes of this play can be viewed as a demonstration of Kushner’s effort in maintaining the interconnectedness between charactersRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pageswhich represents the general population of Oceani a with a specific end goal to keep them from revolting. Current society in America is a great deal more popularity based. It stands out from Orwell s general public of 1984 in light of the fact that correspondence, individual convictions and the general population s dependability to the administration are altogether controlled by the person. With a specific end goal to keep the general population of Oceania in congruity with the yearnings of the administeringRead MoreThe Use Of Surveillance As A Mechanism Of Control1616 Words   |  7 Pagesprovided that their country is able to justify valid reasons for it. This has been implemented in the past, for example, during the Great Depression, the citizens of America had to accept methods such as rationing, as it was the only way to be able to access basic needs in times of no money and jobs (Rationing and Scrap Drives in Rural America, no date). The citizens may be told that surveillance will be in their best interest that it will protect them and support the country against some enemy or itRead More George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual loyalty to the government are all controlled by the inner party which governs the people of Oceania in order to keep them from rebelling. Current society in North America is much more democratic. It contrasts with Orwell’s society of 1984 because commun ication, personal beliefs and the people’s loyalty to the government are all determined by the individual. In order to keep the people of Oceania in conformity with the desires of the governing Inner Party, the Inner Party controls several aspectsRead MoreSimilarities Between 1984 And V For Vendetta1140 Words   |  5 Pagesa dystopian political thriller film based on 1984 DC series directed by James McTeique, and written by The Wachowskis. In 1984, the dystopian future of humanity was divided into three main lands. Eurasia, Eastasia, and Oceania. History is centered in the life and politics of Oceania. They are from a historian sense a mixture of the Nazi party and the Socialist party. However, its ideology is based on the total power of few people or in other words totalitarianism. This organization is called INGSOC

Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - 878 Words

Cynthia is a 65 year old African American female diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, kidney disease, hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism. She is on glipizide 5 mg po daily to treat her type 2 diabetes. Cynthia revisited the clinic soon after the initiation of the treatment with symptoms of shakiness, sweating, chills, clamminess, lightheadedness and moderately severe headache. In this case study, Cynthia is exhibiting the symptoms of hypoglycemia as she is on sulfonylurea therapy. Sulfonylureas, such as glipizide commonly used as a second-line of therapy in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), promote insulin release independent of prevailing glucose value and as a result,†¦show more content†¦Impaired cognitive function can cause harmful and cumulative long-term effects on intellectual function, particularly in young children. The most common risk factor for the occurrence of hypoglycemia is the aggressiveness of th erapy applied to achieve glycemic control. The other factors include, antecedent hypoglycemia, alcohol, increased glucose utilization, decreased glucose production, female sex, sleep, duration of diabetes, age and progressive insulin deficiency were also associated with an increased risk of hypoglycemia in patients with T2DM. Multiple risk factors are associated with precipitation of hypoglycemia in the general population. When it comes to elderly patients with diabetes, the problem of hypoglycemia is a major concern. Hypoglycemia is an expected side effect of sulfonylurea. Hypoglycemia unawareness is a major cause of severe hypoglycemia in patients with T2DM. Hypoglycemia awareness in patients can bring better results in managing hypoglycemic events. Symptoms of hypoglycemia become progressively less intense over the time or diminish. Management of hypoglycemia consists of strategies such as prevention of hypoglycemia, use of therapeutic agents with low or no occurrence of hypoglycemia and treatment of hypoglycemia. It is important for the patient to understand and agree to adhere to treatment plan in terms of both medication and lifestyle modification. Self-monitoring of the glucose is veryShow MoreRelatedFactors Affecting Prevalence And Treatment Outcomes Of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus1005 Words   |  5 PagesFactors Affecting Prevalence and Treatment Outcomes of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rwanda Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition in which the pancreas no longer produces enough Insulin (impaired insulin secretion) or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced (insulin resistance) resulting in increased blood glucose (â€Å"Endocrine System.† Internal Medicine Clinical Treatment Guidelines. Republic of Rwanda Ministry of Health, 2012 ). SymptomsRead MoreEffects Of Diabetes Education Programs On Reducing The A1c Of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus1025 Words   |  5 PagesResults yelled peer- reviewed articles that pertain to research surrounding diabetes education programs in reducing the A1C in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Each article was evaluated based on its applicability to the research question on this paper. The pattern used in selecting the articles included for evaluation can be found in the Appendix 1. The research strategies included key terms like diabetes, type 2, education, age, program, research, adult, and A1C. The search began withRead MoreSelf-Care of Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus1152 Words   |  5 Pagesthe patients with newly diagnosed type-2 diabetes mellitus. The related literature is presented under the following sub headings. Section A:Literature related to various aspects of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Section B:Literature related to self-management skills of patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Section C: Reviews related to effectiveness of diabetes education on newly diagnosed patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. SECTION A: LITERATURE RELATED TO TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS Diabetes is aRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : The Leading Chronic Disease1102 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading chronic diseases that can cause high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia due to a lack of insulin, insulin resistance, or both. The four main types of diabetes mellitus include type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, and other specific types (Darby, 2015, 824). A high rate of periodontal disease has been reported with type 1 and 2 diabetesRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus Essay1600 Words   |  7 Pages Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 In Children INTRODUCTION: Diabetes is not a single disease it is a multifactorial group of syndromes all characterized by an increase in the level of blood glucose that occurs due to lack of presence of insulin. Mainly, the less release of insulin leads to excess deposition of glycogen which is a peptide hormone synthesized by the pancreas and plays a role in raising the level of glucose in blood. (Mycek, 2007). Diabetes is usually divided into two types, insulin dependentRead MoreHypothesis : Bariatric Surgery Offers Better Glycemic Control For Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus1850 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Hypothesis: Bariatric surgery offers better glycemic control for patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in comparison to standard therapies of diet, exercise, and pharmaceuticals. Methods: A retrospective literature research was conducted using several scholarly databases to collect and review information relevant to the hypothesis. The search engines included but were not limited to Google Scholar, PubMed, MedlinePlus, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The research was not limited by country of originRead MoreInterview A Registered Nurse From Georgia University Medical Center Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesI gained valuable information about a disease that she mentioned she sees commonly in her in-patient unit. The disease she noted was diabetes mellitus. During the interview, she gave me information about the disease in terms of its causes, its frequency, and the reason she decided to identity this disease. When speaking with healthcare provider Denead Buoy, RN, MSN, she explained that diabetes mellitus is a condition in which one has elevated blood glucose levels due to an inadequate insulin productionRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus And The Long Term Complications1385 Words   |  6 Pagespaper is to give a general idea of diabetes mellitus, epidemiology, role factors and complications that arise from it, comparing and exhibiting the distinctions between type I type II diabetes, the people who are in jeopardy of developing diabetic renal diseases and hypertension due to the complications identifying the general pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus the long term complications that may transpire. Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus is one of the very prevalent metabolicRead MoreType Ii Diabetes Mellitus. â€Å"In 2010, An Estimated 25.81470 Words   |  6 PagesType II Diabetes Mellitus â€Å"In 2010, an estimated 25.8 million people in the United States had diabetes mellitus, of which approximately 1 million have type 1 diabetes and most of the rest have type 2 diabetes † (Papadakis et al., 2014) That means that in 2010 about 24.8 million people suffered from type 2 diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is impaired insulin secretion and variable degrees or peripheral insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia (Porter, Kaplan, 2011). Type II diabetes has become moreRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus As A Chronic Metabolic Disorder Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages Chapter - 23 Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that prevents the body to utilise glucose completely or partially. It is characterised by raised glucose concentration in the blood and alterations in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. This can be due to failure in the formation of insulin or liberation or action. Since insulin is produced by the p cells of the islets of Langerhans, any receding in the number of functioning cells will decrease the amount

Jackson Memorial Hospital Retention of Emergency Room Nurses Free Essays

According to (O’Rourke, chp. 10, pg. 8), Culture is composed of material objects, ideas, values, and attitudes: and expected patterns of behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Jackson Memorial Hospital Retention of Emergency Room Nurses or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is through our culture, that communication beings, the older you become that does not change, but gets more difficult. In the article Cross-Cultural Communication in the Workplace: can we stay home without it, (Kudirka, Joi Constance,1989 pg1). points out there must be training in cultural diversity in the workplace. It is a integrate tool required in today’s work environment. A person’s behavior and perception is through their cultural experiences. What ways do different cultures communicate, Japanese place importance of status in life through their job ex. Japanese business card is important to read it once given to you, do not put it away place it on the table to show respect. In many Hispanic cultures, when greeting one another they kiss each other. In America, a hand shake is the customary greeting. There is verbal and non-verbal communications, that must be understood to prevent misunderstandings. Another, ex. There was a Cambodian women, who had outstanding sales for the month, she was given an award and gift. She was asked to come to the front of the room to get her award, she acted reluctantly. It is not customary to receive praise, it is seen as bad manners in Southeastern Asian cultures. In the workplace, it is important to know the customs, values, and beliefs of the people you work with. Therefore, cross-culture communication is a way to interact, when you live or work with people from different cultures. In the future, new job seekers will come from many cultures. Cross-culture communications training will be a long-term commitment on the part of the employer. It makes a difference in the workplace, if you do not know the culture of the people, you work with. There will be misunderstandings, confusion, and controversy in the workplace, not knowing how to relate to people of different ethnicity. This happens, because one’s cultures is used as a bases of knowledge for interacting with the staff, employees, clients, and customers. In Northern countries, looking a people in their eyes shows, whether you are telling the truth or not. The situation can be made better by cross-cultural training and understanding the culture of the people, you work around. According to (HCareers,on Target jobs source article), when speaking to a diverse group of people make eye contact with everyone in the room to prevent uncomfortable feelings. Do not make cultural assumptions, by the use of jokes, slang words, that could confuse, or offend someone. Always, remember that verbal and non-verbal communications relies on a shared set of cultural beliefs and attitudes. When speaking slow down your rate of speech a little not too much. The use of active listening is an effective strategy for continued improvement in communications with the person, by restating what you say to ensure the person understands. Also, use a formal communication style with new acquaintances, then as you get to know them scale back as the relationship develops to not so formal. The supervisor or lecturer develops a culturally sensitive communication practice, it will make a difference in a diverse staff, preventing communication from slipping through the cracks. Simma Lieberman Assoc. n Ten PC Tips For Communicating with a Diverse Audience, talks about knowing how to make a diverse group of people feel included, the more they will listen. If you offend people they will shut down and you will lose them. 1) Be careful not to use ladies, instead use women, when using metaphor, be conscious they have different meaning in different countries Ex. Football in Europe is soccer. 2) Know the demographics of the group of people, you are speaking too. 3) Do not assume everyone shares your religious beliefs. 4) Smile at everyone when speaking to the group ) Do not use humor, that puts down any one group. 6) Example your assumptions about people, who are different than you. be open to letting go assumptions. 7) Do not be afraid to ask for correct pronunciation of someone’s name Example, why this is important an employer mispronunciation of an employee’s name Huy gee, the boss called him Hey Guy. When he looked this up in the dictionary the meaning translated hey boy, denoting, what a African man was called during segregation times. The employee became offended and quit the job. ) If a person has a accent and you can’t understand them, ask them to repeat what they said slowly, what they are saying is important to you. 9) Use methodology in your presentation to accommodate different learning styles. Visual auditory kinesthetic. 10) Be comfortable with silence. In some cultures that can mean respect and attention. The adaptation of the group of people values, customs and beliefs will help successful communication to occur in the workplace. Communication leads to a smooth and comfort work environment for the future. How to cite Jackson Memorial Hospital Retention of Emergency Room Nurses, Papers

Surface Modifications-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Literature Review on the Topic of Surface Modifications with a Purpose of Depositing Lipids. Answer: Introduction It is very difficult to study complex natural cell membrane due to their native states. Lipids with the simpler model system are hence admirable for studying biomolecule interaction as well as the particular role of the component of the membrane. The suitable choice of the model will highly depend on the method employed for the scrutiny(Ottova-Leitmannova, 2015). Every model selected will have both disadvantage and advantage. The bilayers of lipids can be made on the solid support through using multiple methods including Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and LS (Langmuir Scaefer ). This method can be done in situ but LS and LB methods will need deposition of just a monolayer at a time by the help of Langmuir fil balance. This method is preferred for the bilayer deposition having a specific and controlled asymmetric leaflet composition. The most common method of preparing model cellular membrane is (DIBB) Droplet Interface Bilayer method. In this technique, the lipid bilayer is made from two water droplets which are submerged in oil and also coated with a monolayer of lipids. This can be either control, asymmetric or symmetric each droplet composition bilayer tailoring can be realized(Lemons, 2012). In addition, the solution on either side of the membrane is able to be controlled permitting for studies of the interactions in the membrane and specific bimolecular. This technique was employed recently to reconstitute bilayer of lipids from the total extract of model cell membrane known as Escharia coli. Surface Sensitive Methods To Study Supported Lipid Bilayers And MolecularInteractions With Them Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. The inherent properties of the piezoelectric quartz can be keenly analyzed using QCM-D to trigger oscillation in the sensor, this will respond by deforming immediately when an external voltage is subjected to it(Ratner, 2012). The standing shear waves will be developed in the two gold electrodes due to the application of the alternating voltage. The shear wave will decay into the liquid having the characteristic length of decay. This length is always taken as 250nm, this for the crystal which is immersed in a pure water hence, this will give a perfect range of detection for the QCM-D. A solvent will be identified as a mass which is coupled with a mean thickness conforming to ?L. Where ?L is taken as the density of the liquid. The length of decay will vary with the following equation(Auernhammer, 2011). ; where nL is the absolute density of the liquid. Hence, if the solvent is exchanged with another one having higher viscosity, it will trigger an increase in the mean thickness detected by the crystal. The principle for the operation of QCM.D is based on the relationship between the change in frequency and the change in mass of sensor crystal. For such setup, if a change in mass is taken as m and change in frequency is taken as f, then from the simple Sauerbrey relationship m=-C* f/n. where C is the material specific Saurbray constant which is given as C=tg*?q/f0 and n is the harmonic number. Tq is the thickness of the quartz while ?q is the density of the quartz(Rotello, 2014). QCM-D basically records the wet adsorbed and not the dry ones since other optical techniques like ellipsometry, reflectometry and surface plasmon will do. This can be evident as an asset of the QCM-D method because it includes a tool needed for complementary info for the adsorbed layer in several liquid environments and also in combination with other surface sensitive methods(Smentkowski, 2011). The following diagrams show principle in dissipation and frequency change in the QCM-D. Fig 1: Dissipation Fig 2: Signals generated from a soft vesicle layer. AFM and the setup for imaging under continuous flow conditions. For AFM, the topology can be envisaged thru the interaction of resulting force on the tip upon scanning the surface and a sharp tip. Through scanning the surface in the pattern of the raster as well as sensing the position of laser beam sensor(Iglic, 2013). Depending on the material and the reason for the study, the AFM is operated in several modes like contact, tapping or noncontact mode. Zasadzinski used lipid AFM imaging on a lipid layer in 1991, these lipid bilayers were 1,2- dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, from that date a plethora of membrane scrutiny has been done using AFM. The below diagrams shows how AFM utilizes the interatomic forces amid a sharp tip and a surface. Fig 3. a) shows AFM utilizes interatomic forces b) Shows the optimized AFM AFC setup based on gravity. Neutron reflection This is the very powerful method employed for studying thin adsorbed layer because it gives more info on the structural features in the direction which is orthogonal to the interface having a resolution with few Angstrom(Crdenas, 2012). The sketch of a neuron beam impinging on the surface is shown below; Fig4: a) shows neuron beam sketch b) shows neuron scattering in a silicon block and c) shows simulated reflectivity curve. Formation Of Supported Lipid Bilayers By Vesicle Fusion, The Case For Single Component And Fluid Lipid Systems QCM-D is a highly sensitive method more so for the viscous layer which has a large amount of water. This shows a reason QCM-D has become a stronghold for learning the formation of SLB through vesicle formation. But AFM excels for in-plane imaging for morphology in the layer of adsorbed having lateral resolution to few nm and Angstrom resolution in the x-axis orientation. NR is as well very sensitive to the buried interface but less sensitive to a diffuse water-rich structure like vesicle. References Auernhammer, G. (2011). Surface and Interfacial Forces - From Fundamentals to Applications. Hawaii: Springer Science Business Media. Crdenas, M. (2012). Understanding the formation of supported lipid bilayers via vesicle fusionA case that. Hawaii: American Vacuum Society. Iglic, A. (2013). Advances in Planar Lipid Bilayers and Liposomes. Manchester : Academic Press. Lemons, J. (2012). Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine. Manchester : Academic Press. Ottova-Leitmannova, A. (2015). Advances in Planar Lipid Bilayers and Liposomes, Volume . Stoke : Gulf Professional Publishing. Ratner, B. (2012). Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine. Chicago : Elsevier. Rotello, V. (2014). Nanoparticles: Building Blocks for Nanotechnology. Chicago: Springer Science Business Media. Smentkowski, V. S. (2011). Surface Analysis and Techniques in Biology. London: Springer Science Business Media.

Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky Essays - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky Tchaikovsky is not only one of the corner stones of Russian musical culture and world music?. It's at the same time creative and technical encyclopedia to which every Russian has reference in the course of his own work (Cross and Ewen, 1025), said Dimitri Shostakovich. Peter Iltich Tchaikovsky is considered one of the best composers of all time. In this paper you will see how Tchaikovsky's life was difficult and memorable. Peter Tchaikovsky was born in Votinsk, in the district of Viatka, Russia on May 1, 1840. His father, Lieutenant colonel Ilya Petrovich Tchaikovsky (a well-to-do engineer who was the principle inspector of Government Mines and Metallurgical works), and mother, Alexandra Andreuevna (of French ancestry) had seven children, of whom Peter was third (Cross and Ewen, 1027). Peter's first musical expression came whine he was three, upon hearing one of Mozart's great aria's, Don Giovanni. He demonstrated extaordinary sensitivity for music early in life. As a child he was fascinated y a little mechanical instrument called an orchestrion. When he was five he took piano lessons form Kundnges. Life passed and when he was ten he and his family moved to St. Petersburg where he was enrolled in preparatory classes for the school of jurisprudence. Nicholas Zaremba was a big inspiration, helping him to over come his natural tendencies toward indolence. And he worked hard and well. Another of Tchaikovsk y's teachers was Gabriel Lomankin. Tchaikovsky's mother died of cholera when he was 14. He finished school when he was 19. For a year he worked as a clerk in the Ministry of Justice a job he hated, but devoted himself to completely. Tchaikovsky's first 20 years were very hard. Working to survive in a world was there is no help. (Scionti, 375, Cross and Ewen, 1027-1028, Ewen, 375). Tchaikovsky's early works were technically sound, but unappreciated. I always thought that his music was always greatly appreciated in his time along with ours. He started composing in 1860 and completed an Italian Song, which was published. He soon met the Rubinstein brothers, Anton and Nickolai; both were composers, and Anton was a pianist second only to France Liszt in technical brilliance and fame. In 1862 Anton opened Russia's first conservatory, under the sponsorship of the Imperial Russian Music Society (I.R.M.S.); in St. Petersburg, and Tchaikovsky was its first composition student (Ewen, 375). In 1862, Tchaikovsky left the government service and enrolled in the then Newly founded Conservatory. He combined his studies with Zaremba, a member of the Conservatory Faculty, and Anton Rubinstein with lessons in harmony, counterpoint, and orchestration. Do not for one moment think that I expected to be a great artist.' He wrote to his sister. 'Whether I become a famous composer or a poor music teacher is a matter of indifference to me. At all events, my conscience will be clear and I shall no longer have thought to complain about my lot (Cross and Ewen, 1028). Now when he was writing full time and some of his music was getting performed. Characteristic Dances, for orchestra, was introduced by Johann Strauss II during the summer season in Povlovsky in 1865 a String Quartet and an Overture in F, for orchestra, where heard at students concerts at the Conservatory in 1865 and in 1866 respectively. A Cantata, ode to Joy (written-as a graduating exercise to Schiller's words, the same text used by Beethoven in the Ninth Symphony), won for him a silver medal and inspired his young friend Hermann Laroche, later a famous critic, to say You are the greatest music talent of contemporary Russia, more powerful than Balakirev, more creative than Serov, infinite more cultivated that Rimsky-Korsakov. In you I see the greatest, or rather the one hope of our musical future (Cros s and Ewen, 1028-1029). Upon graduating in 1865, Tchaikovsky had the problem of supporting himself. However, in 1866 Nickolai Rubinstein, brother of Anton, invited him to Moscow to be a professor of harmony; despite the meager salary of fifty rubles a month, Tchaikovsky accepted. Gradually, he became accustom to his new teaching duties at the conservatory. Much to my surprise,' he wrote to his sister on February 19, 1866, 'my course is very successful. My nervousness has completely

How To Write For Social Media To Create The Best Posts - CoSchedule

How To Write For Social Media To Create The Best Posts Social media success requires strong writing skills. However, not all social media managers consider themselves writers. Fortunately, writing great social media content doesn’t have to be difficult. Not every post needs to reinvent the copywriting wheel, after all. Still, taking the time to get your writing right is worth it. Lets  learn how to write for social media and start creating better content now. Why Does It Matter If You Write Well On Social Media? Every social post you publish reflects on your brand. If you’re sloppy, your company will look sloppy too. Even worse, it could undermine your success on social media. Thats why its important to write well on social media. Social media copywriting requires some unique skills.  You need to be able to cram as much value into as few words as possible. You also have to be consistent and engaging at all times. Plus, every network is unique. What works on Facebook might flop  on LinkedIn. This makes becoming a master social wordsmith even more difficult. And thats exactly why we wrote this post. How To Write For Social Media To Create The Best Posts Consistency Counts (So Build A Social Media Style Guide) Keeping your social copy clean and within brand standards can be a challenge. Developing a simple style guide can help with this. A basic style guide can be one or two pages long, and should include the following: Mission Statement: This can be twofold:  why does your business exist, and why are you on social media? Audience/Persona Summary: Briefly describe your core audience on social media. Who are you writing for, anyway? Social Media Brand Voice: Describe what your social brand voice should sound like (casual, serious, professional, irreverent, etc.). Tone: Describe your social tone (helpful, funny, authoritative, etc.) Branding: List requirements for brand spellings (and other copy-related branding elements). Message Types (By Network): Not all content needs to go on every network. Create some guidelines on which types of messaging are appropriate on which of your social networks. If you need help building a style guide, this guide from Hubspot  is a great primer. TIP: Use the Social Media Style Guide Template included in this post to build your own style guide. Put Together a Social Media Writing Toolbox The first thing you'll need is the Social Message  Optimizer! It's the latest FREE tool from your friends at .  Ã°Å¸Ëœâ€° The Social Message  Optimizer helps you nail the mechanics behind writing amazing social media messages. That means it analyzes your message type, character length, number of hashtags, emoji count, and more to help you optimize the perfect message for every social network! When you use the Social Message  Optimizer, you'll: Stop guessing what works (and what doesn't). Learning and then remembering all of the best practices for writing on every social network is super time-consuming and tedious. Now you have a clear place to start writing every social media message! Just write, review your score on each network, and optimize further based on real data. Get immediate feedback to improve quickly. Consider the Social Message  Optimizer your expert who is always there to answer your questions. You'll A/B test your messages before you publish them to get the most engagement on each network. Get even more engagement than ever before.  Capture more eyeballs with your messages! Get more likes, comments, shares, and link clicks by using the data from  6,399,322 social messages to refine yours to be among the top 10%. Use the Social Message  Optimizer now. Grammarly We've all published a social post with a typo before. And we've all felt like this as a result: This is where Grammarly's free browser extension (available for Chrome, Firefox, and Safari) comes in handy. It's a life-saving spelling and grammar checking tool. Install it on your browser, and it'll check your spelling and grammar on everything you write, anywhere (including on social media). Hashtagify.me Looking for relevant hashtags to incorporate into your tweets? Hashtagify.me should fit the bill. It's an easy-to-use hashtag search engine to help you find hashtags people are actually using. 9 Basic Social Media Writing Tips Like we said earlier, every network has its own quirks and best practices. However, there are some standard best practices that generally apply to most networks, too. Let's review those now. Start writing better on social media now.Understand Active Vs. Passive Voice Using active voice helps produce more engaging copy. According to PlainLanguage.gov, Readers prefer active voice sentences, and we should try to use the active voice in most of our business writing to communicate our message most effectively. Active voice clearly identifies the action and who is performing that action. Most writers are familiar with active and passive voice. If you’re not sure what the difference is (and were afraid to ask) though, then never fear. There’s no shame here. Let’s walk through each one: Hear the difference? The first example puts the subject (â€Å"I†) in the driver’s seat. It’s more action-oriented. The second example, however, sounds a bit more flat, factual, and lacking action. Writing for social media? Use active voice.Put Your Audience First It's rude to only talk about yourself. So, write in a way that puts your audience at the center of the story instead. How do you do this? Simple. Say â€Å"you† more than you say â€Å"us.† Here’s a good example from Threadless’ Twitter bio: Write Stuff People Want To Share This requires understanding why people  share content. Let's  break this down into five major reasons: Delivering value to their audience. People want to share things their audience will find valuable. This could mean content that’s helpful, entertaining, or otherwise worth paying attention to. Try writing posts that convey a clear benefit. If you create how-to content, consider writing copy that hints at what the linked article will help readers do. You can also create unlinked social messages that include a useful tip in your post copy or image copy. Here’s an example from Bobcat Company: To  express and define themselves. When sharing posts, people often think, â€Å"How does sharing  this reinforce my identity?† Use surveys or create personas to understand your typical audience member. From there, figure out how they identify themselves. For example, if you sell construction equipment, your audience might see themselves as â€Å"tough† or â€Å"hard-working.† Pickup truck manufacturers know their customers connect their identities to what they drive. This post from Ram Trucks capitalizes on this: To feel connected to others. Social media is about building connections and relationships. People naturally want to share posts that shows they’re part of something bigger themselves. They also like to share posts likely to start a conversation (so they can converse with other people). One way to do this is to write messages that encourage tagging and sharing. Like this: To make themselves feel valued. People want to share posts that are likely to get likes, shares, and positive comments. It feels good to share something your friends like, right?  You might also consider writing messages showing appreciation for your audience. To express beliefs or support causes. People love sharing opinions on social media.  You probably don't need to be told that, either. If it’s appropriate, take a stance on something or show your support for a cause. You don’t have to get too controversial (although sometimes a little bit of controversy is okay). Here’s an example from the United Nations: This tweet does each of the following: It promotes a cause (gender equality). It incorporates a relevant hashtag in the middle of the tweet. It uses positive language. It links to a page where viewers can take action. It also achieves each of these goals without being offensive or inflammatory. Before writing social posts, ask 'Why would someone share this'?Make Sure You Have Clear  Message-Match Between Your Posts And Destination Pages If your post is linking to an external page, then your post messaging needs to match your landing page messaging. In short, your social media content needs to follow through on the promises your posts make. Here are a few tips to keep in mind: Double-check that links are accurate. Only link to substantive pages with good information. And make sure your post copy is relevant to your destination page. Check out this tweet from Esquire. It’s written to stoke curiosity and intrigue. What will  happen on season 2 of Stranger Things? Who knows? I don't, but the destination page here better tell me. Once I reach the page, it’s immediately clear that the post copy directed me to a relevant link. The destination page’s headline is well aligned with the tweet, too. That’s a good thing, because if this ended up being click bait, I would have thrown my keyword. Don’t make people want to throw their keyboards. Make sure your social messaging matches your  destination page.Make Sure Your Copy Matches Your Visual Content, Too If you’re writing image copy, consider connecting it with your post copy too. Here’s a great example from Gary Vaynerchuk: See how the post copy connects with the image copy? One leads into the other to communicate one clear message. Here’s another example from the NFL that creatively incorporates a player’s number (in this case, Randall Cobb of the Green Bay Packers, the greatest sports franchise in history*): *Your favorite team is great, too. This creative campaign counted down the days until kickoff, including a different player down to opening day. Be Clear And Concise Avoid complex language and use short sentences. People skim on social media, so punchy posts tend to work better than long-winded paragraphs. Try to limit yourself to just one or two sentences, if possible. This isn’t a firm rule, but it may be a useful guideline to keep yourself from rambling. Struggling to keep your posts short? Try working through this simple exercise. Start by reading  this example post: â€Å"Here is our latest blog post about a very awesome topic you’ll enjoy.† This isn’t that bad, right? Well, there are a lot of wasted words we could do without. Let’s try minimizing stop words (is, a, etc.) and see how it sounds. We could also make the end of the sentence more specific, focusing on one detail to use fewer words. â€Å"Here’s our latest blog post about blogging.† Hear the difference? The second example says essentially the same thing. It just does it with fewer but more specific words, and sounds much better as a result. Clarity and conciseness are key for writing well on social media.Avoid Pushy, Overly Sales-Driven Messaging At least when it comes to writing organic social media content. While social ads need to be written to sell, organic social posts should be written to inform, entertain, or otherwise make a connection with your audience. That doesn’t mean you can’t promote yourself. It just means it’s best to find a way to sell people on the idea of taking an action without directly sounding like you’re making a sales pitch. Here’s an example from music distribution platform Bandcamp: If you must write a sales message, focus on benefits to the consumer. This tweet from Threadless lets people know there’s a sale going on without forcefully saying, â€Å"Buy Now† or â€Å"Shop Here.† It also uses a nice, clear image. Invoke Curiosity Write in a way that makes people want to click through. If you’re linking to another article or blog post, you don’t need to tell the whole story in your social media update. Instead, leave some details unanswered while implying your linked articles will answer their questions. What is the mystery on "The Curse of Oak Island," anyway?  You don't have to care about construction equipment to want to find out. Recommended Reading: How To Use Social Media Analytics To Create The Best Content Social Media Writing Tips For Each Network Every social media network is different. Different audiences. Different purposes. Different expectations. Your writing and messaging should be adjusted accordingly. Instead of writing one message for every network, tailor your messaging to each one individually. To do this, it helps to understand the purpose of each network, and what works best on each one: Consider audience expectations for each network when writing social media posts.Facebook Writing Tips With declining Facebook organic reach, sharp copy is now more important than ever. Keep Posts Short There’s some wiggle room on this one. However, data shows short posts perform best. Avoid Promotional Calls-To-Action Facebook’s algorithm can detect overly promotional language. This means wording like, â€Å"Buy Now!† or â€Å"Sign up here!† Posts with a hard sales message get demoted in the newsfeed, and with organic reach already in decline, that’s something you can’t afford. Write Shareable Article Headlines If you’re writing blog posts or articles, keep Facebook in mind when crafting catchy headlines. Think short, punchy, and conversational. Recommended Reading: Facebook Marketing Strategy: Why You Need One (And How to Build It) Twitter Writing Tips You can do a surprising amount with just 140 characters. Here are some tips to make the most of your tweets. Do More Than Simply Reshare Headlines As Post Copy This one is okay in moderation. However, it’s better to write copy that adds to the story your article is telling.  Here’s an example of what we mean: Instead of reusing the article headline as a social post, the post outlines the story in the article. This helps build interest in clicking the link, and prevents wasting people’s time reading the same text twice. Incorporate Hashtags Directly In Tweet Copy It’s easy to add hashtags to the end of a post. However, consider cleverly incorporating them directly into your tweets instead. In this example from Electronic Arts, a single hashtag is the entire post. This creates a clean look for your hashtags, and ensures they get seen. Get creative and directly incorporate hashtags in your social posts.Go Easy On Hashtags, Though Make sure your message isn’t lost in a sea of hashtags. Aim to use two, or maybe three, at the most. Recommended Reading: How To Use Hashtags Effectively Without Being Annoying Be Mindful Of Your Character Limit You have 140 characters here. Stay under that limit without cutting corners. Conciseness is no excuse for lack of clarity. If you can’t use complete sentences, you need to rewrite your tweet. Try Adding URLs In The Middle Of Tweets (Instead Of At The End) This tip comes from Dan Zarrella at Hubspot. This data is a little old at this point, but in 2011, he discovered that â€Å"the best area for clicks is about 25% of the way through the Tweet.† As a writer, testing this requires you to consider writing in a way that would let you place a link after just two or three words. Try following this formula: [Short Intro] + [URL] + [Longer Explanation]. Have you tried putting URLs in the middle of tweets, instead of at the end?Tag Other Relevant Accounts Within Your Tweet Copy This helps alert other folks that you’re talking about them. In turn, they’ll be more likely to share your posts. It’s win-win. Be sure to write your posts with other accounts in mind. Incorporate Emojis Into Your Tweet Copy Like it or not, â€Å"emoji† is turning into a language all its own. Used creatively, they can add a splash of character to your tweets. Check out this example from Sporting Kansas City, a Major League Soccer team: Tell A Story In A Tweet It’s possible to tell a complete story in a tweet. Here’s an example from Microsoft: This tweet outlines the entire article in under 140 characters. Recommended Reading: 15 Tactics to Boost Twitter Engagement (Backed By Research) Google+ Writing Tips Google+ is different from other social networks and allows for some interesting formatting options. Use that to your advantage. Write Compelling Post Headlines Google+ is unique in that it allows you to write bolded headlines. General best practices for writing headlines applies here. Don’t Be Afraid To Tell A Whole Story Google+ posts can run a bit longer than on other networks. Take advantage of that. Go into more detail than normal if you feel you need to. LinkedIn Writing Tips LinkedIn is a professional network. Here's how to make sure your writing reflects that. Be Clear Avoid using professional lingo if it won’t be understood by your audience. Be Concise Get to the point. Don’t ramble. Busy professionals don’t have time to waste. Stay Professional LinkedIn is a professional network. Don’t forget this when writing your posts. Stick to a professional tone. Instagram Writing Tips Instagram is a visual-driven network. However, the written word still has its place there. Think About Alignment Between Your Image Copy And Post Copy Instagram is a visual network, but the written word still has a place there. Write image copy that hooks people’s attention while connecting with your post text. Don’t Forget Hashtags Instagram likes hashtags. Don’t be afraid to use them liberally at the end of your posts. Recommended Reading: How To Improve Your Visual Marketing On Pinterest And Instagram Pinterest Writing Tips Pinterest is a highly visual network, but that doesn't mean you can neglect your writing chops here. Write Longer Pin Descriptions According to a study from Dan Zarrella, descriptions over 200 characters long received more repins. That could be thanks to those pins having more detailed context around what they're about to entice people to click and share. Include Links in Pin Descriptions If people like the images you pin, they'll probably want to learn more about where they came from. Adding a link helps, and don't be afraid to add a call to action, either. Include Relevant Keywords in Your Pin Descriptions Including keywords in pin descriptions can help them show up in searches on Pinterest. How To Define And Develop Your Voice And Tone People expect social media accounts to have a consistent voice. Your presence needs personality, even if you’re representing a brand. Social media is about generating conversation. No one wants to talk to someone boring. This means you’ll need to develop a consistent voice. One that’s both true to your brand or personality, while fitting for each social network you’re on. What Does Your Social Media Voice Sound Like? Your voice is essentially your personality on social media. Are you fun? Serious? Creative? What's The Difference Between Voice And Tone? Voice and tone are often used interchangeably. However, there is a difference, and it's important to understand them both. Your tone is the inflection you apply to your voice. Depending on the context, you could sound happy, sad, angry, or any other emotion that's appropriate. Buffer's Kevan Lee may have put it best: Essentially, there is one voice for your brand and many tones that refine that voice.  Voice is a mission statement. Tone is the application of that mission. How To Develop  Your Brand's Social Media Personality Start by asking these questions: What is my/our mission or purpose? What are our values? What kind of language and tone does our audience use? Then, try filling in the blanks here a few different ways: â€Å"We are ________ , but we’re not __________ .† An example answer here could be, â€Å"We are funny, but we’re not offensive.† Or, â€Å"We are professional, but we’re not stuffy.† The idea is to narrow down who you are, and who you’re not. Recommended Reading: This Is The Social Media Posting Schedule That Will Boost Your Traffic By 192% Are You Personable? Professional? Or Both? Social media is often used to keep in touch with friends, family, and colleagues. That means your social media content has to compete against updates from people users are close with. It's a simple fact that most people don’t log into a social network to see content from brands, companies, or bloggers. There are exceptions, of course. In any case, you need to write to stand out and hook people’s attention. This requires understanding what your audience expects to see from you. And that might be hard if your brand isn’t inherently â€Å"fun.† So, what can you do? Know Your Audience Who are your customers? What are their values, concerns, and interests? It’s important to figure this out if you don’t already know. Survey your audience if you have to. You need to know who you’re writing for before you can understand what they want from you. Creating a social media audience persona might help. This essentially entails creating a character description of your average target audience member. Building personas takes a little bit of work, but it can help you get a clear idea of who you’re writing for. TIP: Know who you’re writing for on social media. Do this by running surveys, building personas, or even just listening to what they say on social media. Know Your Competition Seeing what kind of content your competition is writing can help inspire your own approach. Check out some of your competitor’s social profiles and make note of the following: What does their brand voice sound like? Does their content appear to drive engagement? If this company were a person, would I want to talk to them? This can give you an idea of what works in your industry. TIP: Pay attention to competitors in your space on social media. Note their writing style. Take inspiration from what works, and then do it better yourself. Know Yourself. Cat videos, memes, and other distractions dominate on social media. Those things might work for your brand. They could also be totally inappropriate. The key is to find the right balance between personable and professional content and tone for your audience. Start by defining yourself under one of these three categories: Personable. Your brand is fun, warm, and inviting. Professional. Your brand is serious, authoritative, and orderly. Both. Your brand bridges both of the above, tying fun content into more professional themes. How do you know which is best for your brand? One answer is to use common sense. If you’re a legal firm, for example, you probably don’t want to sound lighthearted. If you run a pet adoption center, however, you’d likely want to sound fun and inviting to get people in the door. What do you do if it isn’t immediately obvious which of these three categories best fits your brand? Try working through these three exercises to figure it out. Exercise 1: Determine Who You Are (By Determining Who You’re Not) One way to help understand your brand voice is to ask â€Å"We are ______ , but we are not ______ â€Å" questions. This can help you know who you are, and just as importantly, who you’re not. As an exercise, fill in those blanks a few different ways. Here are some examples: â€Å"We're fun, but we’re not goofy.† â€Å"We're informative, but we’re not boring.† â€Å"We're authoritative, but we’re not arrogant.† Exercise 2: Try Summarizing Your Brand In Just Three Adjectives Another idea is to simply think of three adjectives that describe your brand. In traditional advertising parlance, this could be thought of as a â€Å"tag line.† According to The Balance, A variant of a branding slogan, a tagline can be used in marketing materials and advertising. The idea behind the concept is to create  a memorable dramatic phrase that will sum up the tone and premise of an audio/visual product, or to reinforce and strengthen the audience's memory of a literary product. Your mission (should you choose to accept it), is to do one of the following: Keep your company’s existing tag line in mind when writing on social media. Ask yourself, â€Å"How does this messaging support or reflect what we’re about?† Come up with a new tagline. It doesn’t have to be one you use publicly. It could even just a short phrase you use internally to guide your copy. Let’s try developing a simple tagline using three adjectives. Taglines can be short phrases (typically no longer than five to seven words), but we’ll make this easy. The goal is to help you summarize who you are, in order to inform your social media voice. Start by choosing three adjectives that fall into one or all of the categories below: An adjective describing what you do. Another addressing how you do it. One more pertaining to why you do it. Let’s say you run a car dealership. What are some things you might value? Honesty Experience Quality service Put that together, and you could come up with a tagline like: Honest. Experience. Quality. How To Write For Social Media To Create The Best Posts Social media success requires strong writing skills. However, not all social media managers consider themselves writers. Fortunately, writing great social media content doesn’t have to be difficult. Not every post needs to reinvent the copywriting wheel, after all. Still, taking the time to get your writing right is worth it. Lets  learn how to write for social media and start creating better content now. Why Does It Matter If You Write Well On Social Media? Every social post you publish reflects on your brand. If you’re sloppy, your company will look sloppy too. Even worse, it could undermine your success on social media. Thats why its important to write well on social media. Social media copywriting requires some unique skills.  You need to be able to cram as much value into as few words as possible. You also have to be consistent and engaging at all times. Plus, every network is unique. What works on Facebook might flop  on LinkedIn. This makes becoming a master social wordsmith even more difficult. And thats exactly why we wrote this post. How To Write For Social Media To Create The Best Posts Consistency Counts (So Build A Social Media Style Guide) Keeping your social copy clean and within brand standards can be a challenge. Developing a simple style guide can help with this. A basic style guide can be one or two pages long, and should include the following: Mission Statement: This can be twofold:  why does your business exist, and why are you on social media? Audience/Persona Summary: Briefly describe your core audience on social media. Who are you writing for, anyway? Social Media Brand Voice: Describe what your social brand voice should sound like (casual, serious, professional, irreverent, etc.). Tone: Describe your social tone (helpful, funny, authoritative, etc.) Branding: List requirements for brand spellings (and other copy-related branding elements). Message Types (By Network): Not all content needs to go on every network. Create some guidelines on which types of messaging are appropriate on which of your social networks. If you need help building a style guide, this guide from Hubspot  is a great primer. TIP: Use the Social Media Style Guide Template included in this post to build your own style guide. Put Together a Social Media Writing Toolbox The first thing you'll need is the Social Message  Optimizer! It's the latest FREE tool from your friends at .  Ã°Å¸Ëœâ€° The Social Message  Optimizer helps you nail the mechanics behind writing amazing social media messages. That means it analyzes your message type, character length, number of hashtags, emoji count, and more to help you optimize the perfect message for every social network! When you use the Social Message  Optimizer, you'll: Stop guessing what works (and what doesn't). Learning and then remembering all of the best practices for writing on every social network is super time-consuming and tedious. Now you have a clear place to start writing every social media message! Just write, review your score on each network, and optimize further based on real data. Get immediate feedback to improve quickly. Consider the Social Message  Optimizer your expert who is always there to answer your questions. You'll A/B test your messages before you publish them to get the most engagement on each network. Get even more engagement than ever before.  Capture more eyeballs with your messages! Get more likes, comments, shares, and link clicks by using the data from  6,399,322 social messages to refine yours to be among the top 10%. Use the Social Message  Optimizer now. Grammarly We've all published a social post with a typo before. And we've all felt like this as a result: This is where Grammarly's free browser extension (available for Chrome, Firefox, and Safari) comes in handy. It's a life-saving spelling and grammar checking tool. Install it on your browser, and it'll check your spelling and grammar on everything you write, anywhere (including on social media). Hashtagify.me Looking for relevant hashtags to incorporate into your tweets? Hashtagify.me should fit the bill. It's an easy-to-use hashtag search engine to help you find hashtags people are actually using. 9 Basic Social Media Writing Tips Like we said earlier, every network has its own quirks and best practices. However, there are some standard best practices that generally apply to most networks, too. Let's review those now. Start writing better on social media now.Understand Active Vs. Passive Voice Using active voice helps produce more engaging copy. According to PlainLanguage.gov, Readers prefer active voice sentences, and we should try to use the active voice in most of our business writing to communicate our message most effectively. Active voice clearly identifies the action and who is performing that action. Most writers are familiar with active and passive voice. If you’re not sure what the difference is (and were afraid to ask) though, then never fear. There’s no shame here. Let’s walk through each one: Hear the difference? The first example puts the subject (â€Å"I†) in the driver’s seat. It’s more action-oriented. The second example, however, sounds a bit more flat, factual, and lacking action. Writing for social media? Use active voice.Put Your Audience First It's rude to only talk about yourself. So, write in a way that puts your audience at the center of the story instead. How do you do this? Simple. Say â€Å"you† more than you say â€Å"us.† Here’s a good example from Threadless’ Twitter bio: Write Stuff People Want To Share This requires understanding why people  share content. Let's  break this down into five major reasons: Delivering value to their audience. People want to share things their audience will find valuable. This could mean content that’s helpful, entertaining, or otherwise worth paying attention to. Try writing posts that convey a clear benefit. If you create how-to content, consider writing copy that hints at what the linked article will help readers do. You can also create unlinked social messages that include a useful tip in your post copy or image copy. Here’s an example from Bobcat Company: To  express and define themselves. When sharing posts, people often think, â€Å"How does sharing  this reinforce my identity?† Use surveys or create personas to understand your typical audience member. From there, figure out how they identify themselves. For example, if you sell construction equipment, your audience might see themselves as â€Å"tough† or â€Å"hard-working.† Pickup truck manufacturers know their customers connect their identities to what they drive. This post from Ram Trucks capitalizes on this: To feel connected to others. Social media is about building connections and relationships. People naturally want to share posts that shows they’re part of something bigger themselves. They also like to share posts likely to start a conversation (so they can converse with other people). One way to do this is to write messages that encourage tagging and sharing. Like this: To make themselves feel valued. People want to share posts that are likely to get likes, shares, and positive comments. It feels good to share something your friends like, right?  You might also consider writing messages showing appreciation for your audience. To express beliefs or support causes. People love sharing opinions on social media.  You probably don't need to be told that, either. If it’s appropriate, take a stance on something or show your support for a cause. You don’t have to get too controversial (although sometimes a little bit of controversy is okay). Here’s an example from the United Nations: This tweet does each of the following: It promotes a cause (gender equality). It incorporates a relevant hashtag in the middle of the tweet. It uses positive language. It links to a page where viewers can take action. It also achieves each of these goals without being offensive or inflammatory. Before writing social posts, ask 'Why would someone share this'?Make Sure You Have Clear  Message-Match Between Your Posts And Destination Pages If your post is linking to an external page, then your post messaging needs to match your landing page messaging. In short, your social media content needs to follow through on the promises your posts make. Here are a few tips to keep in mind: Double-check that links are accurate. Only link to substantive pages with good information. And make sure your post copy is relevant to your destination page. Check out this tweet from Esquire. It’s written to stoke curiosity and intrigue. What will  happen on season 2 of Stranger Things? Who knows? I don't, but the destination page here better tell me. Once I reach the page, it’s immediately clear that the post copy directed me to a relevant link. The destination page’s headline is well aligned with the tweet, too. That’s a good thing, because if this ended up being click bait, I would have thrown my keyword. Don’t make people want to throw their keyboards. Make sure your social messaging matches your  destination page.Make Sure Your Copy Matches Your Visual Content, Too If you’re writing image copy, consider connecting it with your post copy too. Here’s a great example from Gary Vaynerchuk: See how the post copy connects with the image copy? One leads into the other to communicate one clear message. Here’s another example from the NFL that creatively incorporates a player’s number (in this case, Randall Cobb of the Green Bay Packers, the greatest sports franchise in history*): *Your favorite team is great, too. This creative campaign counted down the days until kickoff, including a different player down to opening day. Be Clear And Concise Avoid complex language and use short sentences. People skim on social media, so punchy posts tend to work better than long-winded paragraphs. Try to limit yourself to just one or two sentences, if possible. This isn’t a firm rule, but it may be a useful guideline to keep yourself from rambling. Struggling to keep your posts short? Try working through this simple exercise. Start by reading  this example post: â€Å"Here is our latest blog post about a very awesome topic you’ll enjoy.† This isn’t that bad, right? Well, there are a lot of wasted words we could do without. Let’s try minimizing stop words (is, a, etc.) and see how it sounds. We could also make the end of the sentence more specific, focusing on one detail to use fewer words. â€Å"Here’s our latest blog post about blogging.† Hear the difference? The second example says essentially the same thing. It just does it with fewer but more specific words, and sounds much better as a result. Clarity and conciseness are key for writing well on social media.Avoid Pushy, Overly Sales-Driven Messaging At least when it comes to writing organic social media content. While social ads need to be written to sell, organic social posts should be written to inform, entertain, or otherwise make a connection with your audience. That doesn’t mean you can’t promote yourself. It just means it’s best to find a way to sell people on the idea of taking an action without directly sounding like you’re making a sales pitch. Here’s an example from music distribution platform Bandcamp: If you must write a sales message, focus on benefits to the consumer. This tweet from Threadless lets people know there’s a sale going on without forcefully saying, â€Å"Buy Now† or â€Å"Shop Here.† It also uses a nice, clear image. Invoke Curiosity Write in a way that makes people want to click through. If you’re linking to another article or blog post, you don’t need to tell the whole story in your social media update. Instead, leave some details unanswered while implying your linked articles will answer their questions. What is the mystery on "The Curse of Oak Island," anyway?  You don't have to care about construction equipment to want to find out. Recommended Reading: How To Use Social Media Analytics To Create The Best Content Social Media Writing Tips For Each Network Every social media network is different. Different audiences. Different purposes. Different expectations. Your writing and messaging should be adjusted accordingly. Instead of writing one message for every network, tailor your messaging to each one individually. To do this, it helps to understand the purpose of each network, and what works best on each one: Consider audience expectations for each network when writing social media posts.Facebook Writing Tips With declining Facebook organic reach, sharp copy is now more important than ever. Keep Posts Short There’s some wiggle room on this one. However, data shows short posts perform best. Avoid Promotional Calls-To-Action Facebook’s algorithm can detect overly promotional language. This means wording like, â€Å"Buy Now!† or â€Å"Sign up here!† Posts with a hard sales message get demoted in the newsfeed, and with organic reach already in decline, that’s something you can’t afford. Write Shareable Article Headlines If you’re writing blog posts or articles, keep Facebook in mind when crafting catchy headlines. Think short, punchy, and conversational. Recommended Reading: Facebook Marketing Strategy: Why You Need One (And How to Build It) Twitter Writing Tips You can do a surprising amount with just 140 characters. Here are some tips to make the most of your tweets. Do More Than Simply Reshare Headlines As Post Copy This one is okay in moderation. However, it’s better to write copy that adds to the story your article is telling.  Here’s an example of what we mean: Instead of reusing the article headline as a social post, the post outlines the story in the article. This helps build interest in clicking the link, and prevents wasting people’s time reading the same text twice. Incorporate Hashtags Directly In Tweet Copy It’s easy to add hashtags to the end of a post. However, consider cleverly incorporating them directly into your tweets instead. In this example from Electronic Arts, a single hashtag is the entire post. This creates a clean look for your hashtags, and ensures they get seen. Get creative and directly incorporate hashtags in your social posts.Go Easy On Hashtags, Though Make sure your message isn’t lost in a sea of hashtags. Aim to use two, or maybe three, at the most. Recommended Reading: How To Use Hashtags Effectively Without Being Annoying Be Mindful Of Your Character Limit You have 140 characters here. Stay under that limit without cutting corners. Conciseness is no excuse for lack of clarity. If you can’t use complete sentences, you need to rewrite your tweet. Try Adding URLs In The Middle Of Tweets (Instead Of At The End) This tip comes from Dan Zarrella at Hubspot. This data is a little old at this point, but in 2011, he discovered that â€Å"the best area for clicks is about 25% of the way through the Tweet.† As a writer, testing this requires you to consider writing in a way that would let you place a link after just two or three words. Try following this formula: [Short Intro] + [URL] + [Longer Explanation]. Have you tried putting URLs in the middle of tweets, instead of at the end?Tag Other Relevant Accounts Within Your Tweet Copy This helps alert other folks that you’re talking about them. In turn, they’ll be more likely to share your posts. It’s win-win. Be sure to write your posts with other accounts in mind. Incorporate Emojis Into Your Tweet Copy Like it or not, â€Å"emoji† is turning into a language all its own. Used creatively, they can add a splash of character to your tweets. Check out this example from Sporting Kansas City, a Major League Soccer team: Tell A Story In A Tweet It’s possible to tell a complete story in a tweet. Here’s an example from Microsoft: This tweet outlines the entire article in under 140 characters. Recommended Reading: 15 Tactics to Boost Twitter Engagement (Backed By Research) Google+ Writing Tips Google+ is different from other social networks and allows for some interesting formatting options. Use that to your advantage. Write Compelling Post Headlines Google+ is unique in that it allows you to write bolded headlines. General best practices for writing headlines applies here. Don’t Be Afraid To Tell A Whole Story Google+ posts can run a bit longer than on other networks. Take advantage of that. Go into more detail than normal if you feel you need to. LinkedIn Writing Tips LinkedIn is a professional network. Here's how to make sure your writing reflects that. Be Clear Avoid using professional lingo if it won’t be understood by your audience. Be Concise Get to the point. Don’t ramble. Busy professionals don’t have time to waste. Stay Professional LinkedIn is a professional network. Don’t forget this when writing your posts. Stick to a professional tone. Instagram Writing Tips Instagram is a visual-driven network. However, the written word still has its place there. Think About Alignment Between Your Image Copy And Post Copy Instagram is a visual network, but the written word still has a place there. Write image copy that hooks people’s attention while connecting with your post text. Don’t Forget Hashtags Instagram likes hashtags. Don’t be afraid to use them liberally at the end of your posts. Recommended Reading: How To Improve Your Visual Marketing On Pinterest And Instagram Pinterest Writing Tips Pinterest is a highly visual network, but that doesn't mean you can neglect your writing chops here. Write Longer Pin Descriptions According to a study from Dan Zarrella, descriptions over 200 characters long received more repins. That could be thanks to those pins having more detailed context around what they're about to entice people to click and share. Include Links in Pin Descriptions If people like the images you pin, they'll probably want to learn more about where they came from. Adding a link helps, and don't be afraid to add a call to action, either. Include Relevant Keywords in Your Pin Descriptions Including keywords in pin descriptions can help them show up in searches on Pinterest. How To Define And Develop Your Voice And Tone People expect social media accounts to have a consistent voice. Your presence needs personality, even if you’re representing a brand. Social media is about generating conversation. No one wants to talk to someone boring. This means you’ll need to develop a consistent voice. One that’s both true to your brand or personality, while fitting for each social network you’re on. What Does Your Social Media Voice Sound Like? Your voice is essentially your personality on social media. Are you fun? Serious? Creative? What's The Difference Between Voice And Tone? Voice and tone are often used interchangeably. However, there is a difference, and it's important to understand them both. Your tone is the inflection you apply to your voice. Depending on the context, you could sound happy, sad, angry, or any other emotion that's appropriate. Buffer's Kevan Lee may have put it best: Essentially, there is one voice for your brand and many tones that refine that voice.  Voice is a mission statement. Tone is the application of that mission. How To Develop  Your Brand's Social Media Personality Start by asking these questions: What is my/our mission or purpose? What are our values? What kind of language and tone does our audience use? Then, try filling in the blanks here a few different ways: â€Å"We are ________ , but we’re not __________ .† An example answer here could be, â€Å"We are funny, but we’re not offensive.† Or, â€Å"We are professional, but we’re not stuffy.† The idea is to narrow down who you are, and who you’re not. Recommended Reading: This Is The Social Media Posting Schedule That Will Boost Your Traffic By 192% Are You Personable? Professional? Or Both? Social media is often used to keep in touch with friends, family, and colleagues. That means your social media content has to compete against updates from people users are close with. It's a simple fact that most people don’t log into a social network to see content from brands, companies, or bloggers. There are exceptions, of course. In any case, you need to write to stand out and hook people’s attention. This requires understanding what your audience expects to see from you. And that might be hard if your brand isn’t inherently â€Å"fun.† So, what can you do? Know Your Audience Who are your customers? What are their values, concerns, and interests? It’s important to figure this out if you don’t already know. Survey your audience if you have to. You need to know who you’re writing for before you can understand what they want from you. Creating a social media audience persona might help. This essentially entails creating a character description of your average target audience member. Building personas takes a little bit of work, but it can help you get a clear idea of who you’re writing for. TIP: Know who you’re writing for on social media. Do this by running surveys, building personas, or even just listening to what they say on social media. Know Your Competition Seeing what kind of content your competition is writing can help inspire your own approach. Check out some of your competitor’s social profiles and make note of the following: What does their brand voice sound like? Does their content appear to drive engagement? If this company were a person, would I want to talk to them? This can give you an idea of what works in your industry. TIP: Pay attention to competitors in your space on social media. Note their writing style. Take inspiration from what works, and then do it better yourself. Know Yourself. Cat videos, memes, and other distractions dominate on social media. Those things might work for your brand. They could also be totally inappropriate. The key is to find the right balance between personable and professional content and tone for your audience. Start by defining yourself under one of these three categories: Personable. Your brand is fun, warm, and inviting. Professional. Your brand is serious, authoritative, and orderly. Both. Your brand bridges both of the above, tying fun content into more professional themes. How do you know which is best for your brand? One answer is to use common sense. If you’re a legal firm, for example, you probably don’t want to sound lighthearted. If you run a pet adoption center, however, you’d likely want to sound fun and inviting to get people in the door. What do you do if it isn’t immediately obvious which of these three categories best fits your brand? Try working through these three exercises to figure it out. Exercise 1: Determine Who You Are (By Determining Who You’re Not) One way to help understand your brand voice is to ask â€Å"We are ______ , but we are not ______ â€Å" questions. This can help you know who you are, and just as importantly, who you’re not. As an exercise, fill in those blanks a few different ways. Here are some examples: â€Å"We're fun, but we’re not goofy.† â€Å"We're informative, but we’re not boring.† â€Å"We're authoritative, but we’re not arrogant.† Exercise 2: Try Summarizing Your Brand In Just Three Adjectives Another idea is to simply think of three adjectives that describe your brand. In traditional advertising parlance, this could be thought of as a â€Å"tag line.† According to The Balance, A variant of a branding slogan, a tagline can be used in marketing materials and advertising. The idea behind the concept is to create  a memorable dramatic phrase that will sum up the tone and premise of an audio/visual product, or to reinforce and strengthen the audience's memory of a literary product. Your mission (should you choose to accept it), is to do one of the following: Keep your company’s existing tag line in mind when writing on social media. Ask yourself, â€Å"How does this messaging support or reflect what we’re about?† Come up with a new tagline. It doesn’t have to be one you use publicly. It could even just a short phrase you use internally to guide your copy. Let’s try developing a simple tagline using three adjectives. Taglines can be short phrases (typically no longer than five to seven words), but we’ll make this easy. The goal is to help you summarize who you are, in order to inform your social media voice. Start by choosing three adjectives that fall into one or all of the categories below: An adjective describing what you do. Another addressing how you do it. One more pertaining to why you do it. Let’s say you run a car dealership. What are some things you might value? Honesty Experience Quality service Put that together, and you could come up with a tagline like: Honest. Experience. Quality.

The closing of the Muslim mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

The closing of the Muslim mind - Essay Example (b) What are the political, economic and cultural consequences of the closing of the Muslim mind? (c) Is the emergence and strength of the Al Qaeda associated with the closing of the Muslim mind? (d) Is there a way out of this dysfunctional culture for the ordinary Muslim? The closing of the Muslim mind as put forward by Reilly represents the rejection of reason by Muslims, in favour of an irrational and strict adherence to the tenets of Islam and the Quran, irrespective of whether they conform tot he demands of human reason or not. Reilly traces the roots of the present dysfunctional Islamic culture back to a great intellectual battle that took place between two groups of Muslims – the Mu’tazlites and the Ash’arites, which raged during the 9th century and was settled around the middle of the century. The Mu’tzalites attempted to balance faith and reason in the same manner as Christianity was also seeking to do. They fully accepted the teachings of the Qur an and its authority, but argued that these teachings could be subjected to logic and reason; logical analysis of the works of Allah could prove amenable to the demands of human reason. ... They were so adamant on their viewpoint that they would not allow even the slightest questioning of the Quran, they would accept no less than complete and utter obedience. The Mu’tzalites pointed out that some contradictions existed in the Quran and argued that reason had to be the guiding factor leading believers to the truth. But the Ash’arites shot back that if Allah chose to be contradictory, who were mere mortals to question him? In this great intellectual battle, the Ash’arites were the victors. The presence of the Mu’tzalites and their reasoning held the door open for some dialogue to occur between different faiths, but with the triumph of the Ash’arite view banged the door shut on the Muslim mind, because reason itself was held in contempt by the dominant view, therefore any interfaith dialogue became impossible. It also made the Muslims resistant to a scientific outlook and an analytic approach. Once reason was closed off, all battles becam e subject to winning through power and dominance; any questioning of the Quran was held to be blasphemous and worthy of condemnation. The most disastrous consequence of the closing of the Muslim mind is the death of scientific advances and achievements in the Muslim world. All of the major scientific accomplishments in the Islamic world were achieved prior to the 12th century; after the conclusive victory of the Ash’arites, there has been a notable lack of scientific development and thought among Islamic countries, because the Muslim mind has been closed off to reason, logic and questioning, in favour of blind, unquestioning obedience to the tenets of the Quran. Unlike Western civilization, which embraces reason and progresses through the propagation of reason, Islam embraces irrationality. Any belief or

Implications of USA not Ratifying the Kyoto Protocol Research Paper

Implications of USA not Ratifying the Kyoto Protocol - Research Paper Example The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The main purpose of the convention was to stabilize the emission of greenhouse gases. States agreed that they would lessen the green house emissions in their countries1. It was also recognized that developed countries were responsible for emitting high amounts of green house gases. The convention did not provide any plan for action2 instead it just encouraged countries to lessen their emissions. A forum was held in Berlin that came up with the Berlin mandate, which was mainly a mandate by several countries to set policies, and measure that would see the enforcement of the targets set for reduction of greenhouse gases. A second conference3 was held in Geneva Switzerland that led to a declaration, which stated the climate change levels were alarming, and needed strong commitments that were legally binding. There was then held a third conference in Kyoto in Japan whereby countries signed the Kyoto Protocol. The protocol gave targets for greenhouse gas emissions of specific countries. The protocol provided that upon the ratification by 55 industrialized countries it would come into full effect4. What did ratification imply? Ratification meant that countries would implement the protocol within their national institutions. The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement negotiated by countries under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Kyoto protocol is a protocol that is aimed at reducing emissions of carbon-dioxide gases and greenhouse gases. This is seen whereby the protocol sets targets for countries that emit carbon dioxide and green house gases. This carbon gases include gases such as Hydrofluorocarbons, Perflourocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, nitrous oxide and methane. The difference that is seen in the convention and the protocol is that the protocol encouraged industrialized countries to control or otherwise stabilize their green house emissions by co mmitting such countries to do so5. The protocol states that if the participating countries continue in the emission of the green house gases they should engage in trading of emission. The protocol uses both national and international mechanisms to ensure the reduction of green house gases. When it comes to national mechanisms, the protocol encourages countries to enact laws that will enhance the purpose of the protocol and therefore reduce the emission of these gases. On international mechanisms, the protocol has come up with three mechanisms that include emission trading, clean development mechanisms and joint implementation6. The protocol Emission trading is the buying of credits from the countries that have managed to exceed the targets set for reduction in order to offset their emissions. The protocol also has several means of monitoring it targets. To begin with is the keeping of a registry whereby countries keep a registry log in the United Nations Secretariat to ensure that c ountries comply with the rules of the protocol. Secondly, a compliance mechanism ensures that countries observe their specific commitments7. There is also adaptation mechanism in the countries that are still developing in that they are provided with assistance to adapt to their climatic changes. In addition, there is

Mooting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mooting - Essay Example right position by upholding that an advertisement is an invitation to treat and not an offer, therefore there was neither an offer nor contract between the respondent and the appellant. In proving this the respondent will rely on the literal rule of the statute. 2. The respondent submits that the advert which was placed on the 4th November was just an invitation to treat. We further submit that the judge is expected to at first instance apply the literal rule of the statute before considering anything else.1 Thus we submit that as held in partridge,2 an advert amount to an invitation to treat and not an offer.3 4. We submit that though it’s possible to make an offer to the world (unilateral offer), the facts of this particular case are very different from those of Carlill v Carbolic smoke ball case,5 since in the Carlill case the respondent company had deposited $1,000 in the Alliance Bank to show their commitment and in which it can be inferred their intention to be bound by, upon acceptance, but in this case, the Respondent did not show in any way either express or implied intention to be bound by the advert upon acceptance thus it can only be concluded to be an invitation to treat and not an offer. 5. Furthermore, the respondent submits that the Appellant did not communicate upon acceptance as it’s the general the rule of requirement that the offeree must communicate to the offeror upon acceptance to effect the contract formation.6 Also, the appellant cannot claim that their conduct amount to an acceptance,7 since the need to communicate acceptance is only waived when the other party does not object to the conduct of the appellant. But in this case the respondent objected to the appellant conduct long before even the stall was opened,8 and even upon opening the stall their objected to his

Donoghue v Stevenson Analysis

Donoghue v Stevenson Analysis Introduction The case of Donoghue v Stevenson is arguably one of the most famous cases in the common law system and definitely one of the most important in the history of the development of the tort law. The revolutionary significance of the decision in this case is in the establishment of a standardised duty of care in negligence cases. Indeed, over the years after the precedent was set the courts have progressively shifted from the ascertaining a specific duty of care for each kind of situations, to the approach that assumes the existence of the general duty of care as it was established in Donoghue v Stevenson, and in particular Lord Atkins famous neighbour principle.[1] This essay is going to discuss the relevance of the principles established in this case in the modern tort law. The essay will start with the discussion of the established precedent, then moving to the development of the neighbour principle in the subsequent case law and its application today. The importance of the decision of the case In fact, the case established several important principles. They are: the recognition of the negligence as a distinct tort, the recognition of liability in situations, where there is no contractual relationship between the defendant and the claimant, the establishment of a duty of care owned by manufacturers to the ultimate consumers and the neighbour principle. [2] Nevertheless, Lord Atkins neighbour principle is the most well-known part of the decision of the case, despite the fact that according to the official sources it was never a part of the ratio of the decision in Donoghue v Stevenson.[3] Lord Atkins approach was recognised for the first time Word count: 1391 in the case of Hedley Byrne v Heller[4], and later in the Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd Lord Reid stated that the decision in the case of Donoghue should be treated as a precedent and that that it ought to apply unless there is some justification or valid explanation for its exclusion.[5] The idea behind this was to unify the previous cases and to make the decisions in the future cases more predictable. Thus, the neighbour principle established two concepts foreseeability and proximity. These two key concepts triggered the development of tort law in the 20th century. The development of the established concepts The principle established in Donoghue v Stevenson was seen as an important milestone in the history of tort law as it was the first successful attempt to set out a general principle with respect to the concept of the duty of care. However, later the courts started to acknowledge that the neighbour principle was too simplistic and limited in scope. Therefore, the evolution of the tort of negligence since the snail in the bottle case has been a search for control mechanisms that can limit the scope of the duty concept. So, within the case law on duty of care there has been a shift from a general concept of duty formulated in the neighbour principle to more specific criteria. Indeed, in Anns v Merton London Borough Council, the House of Lords decided to modify the test for the establishment of a duty of care by imposing policy considerations to limit the imposition of a duty of care.[6] The test formulated in Anns was that the defendant owed the claimant to take reasonable care, as long as it was reasonably foreseeable that a failure of doing so would result in damage to the claimant, unless there was some policy reason that limited the scope of the duty or the class of people to whom it was owed or the damages to which a breach of the duty may Word count: 1391 give rise. [7]The first part of the test clearly corresponds to the Lord Atkins test, but the second part was created to restrict claims. The main criticism of this test was that it could lead to an expansion of the situations in which a duty of care could arise. Therefore, in 1990 the Anns test was rejected in the case of Murphy v Brentwood District Council.[8] As the test set in Anns was not sufficient enough, and it was replaced with the test for a duty of care set in Caparo Industries v Dickman. [9] The Caparo test narrowed the test set in Anns by implementing an additional stage to the test. The Caparo test consists of requirements of reasonably foreseeable harm, a relationship of proximityaand that for the imposition of a duty to be fair just and reasonable. The first two stages of Caparo test were based on judgement in Anns, which corresponds back to Lord Atkins neighbourhood principle and the fair, just and reasonable requirement relates to same public policy considerations as the second stage of the Anns test. However, an essential difference between Caparo and Anns is that Caparo test emphasised the incremental and by analogy approach in order to prevent massive extensions of the duty of care concept, meaning that there must be an analogous situation in the previous case law in order to justify the extension of the duty of care in novel situations.[10] By accepting the incremental and by analogy approach the courts rejected the broad formulations from the previous case law and constrained the precedent set in Donoghue v Stevenson to cases concerned with physical damage. [11] Word count: 1391 So, from one point of view, it can be said that the decision in Donoghue v Stevenson created a basis for the establishment of the test in Caparo as first two requirements are clearly taken from the neighbour test. However, some critics say that the intention of judges in Caparo was to change the neighbour principle in entirety. Indeed, in the modern times the incremental approach developed in Caparo suggests that the claimant can only sue the defendant for the breach of the duty of care only in situations where the existence of the duty is established. This seems to contradict the aim of Lord Atkins biblical principle. [12] As has been recognised in Anns and Caparo, the approach taken by the judges in Donoghue v Stevenson is too simple, especially in the modern times, where the law of negligence has become even more complicated than it used to be. Nowadays the courts use different approaches for different situations, for example the approach for the establishment of duty of care for psychiatric injuries is not the same as for physical injuries. Indeed, according to Heuston other considerations beyond foreseeability and proximity begin to acquire greater significance and the principles established in Donoghue are applicable only to relatively straightforward cases, but not to the liability for non-physical injuries, or for omissions, or for the conduct of third parties.[13] However, it can be said that the decision in Donoghue v Stevenson formed a foundation for the development of all the aforementioned areas of tort law. Conclusion To conclude, some scholars express the view that the importance of the case of Donoghue v Stevenson was overrated both by its supporters and critics.[14] However, in my opinion, even though the importance of the decision of this case nowadays is reduced, the case has a lasting effect, the significance of which lies not only in the established principles, but in the ideas that changed the law of tort forever, and in particular the law of negligence. Bibliography Cases Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners Ltd [1963] 2 All ER Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd [1970] AC 1004 Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1977] UKHL 4 Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] UKHL 2 Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman [1990] UKHL 2 Articles J.C. Smith, Peter Burns, Donoghue v. Stevenson: The Not so Golden Anniversary [1983], MLR 1 R.F.V. Heuston, Donoghue v Stevenson in Retrospect, [1957], MLR 20(1) Gavin Murphy, The snail and the ginger beer: the singular case of Donoghue v Stevenson [2011], CLB 37(1) Keith Patten, Snail trail, (New Law Journal, 11 May 2012) assessed 22 November 2016 Z0973311 Word count: 1391 Jessica Randell, Duty of Care Haunting Past, Uncertain Future (2014) North East Law Review 2 (2) Books Simon Deakin, Angus Johnston, Basil Markesinis, Markesinis and Deakins Tort Law (7th edn, Oxford University Press Higher Education Division 2012) Horsey K., Rackley E., Tort Law (3rd edn, Oxford University Press Higher Education Division 2013) [1] J. C. Smith and Peter Burns, Donoghue v. Stevenson-The Not So Golden Anniversary (1983) 46 (2) MLR 1 [2] R. F. V. Heuston, Donoghue v. Stevenson in Retrospect (1957) 20(1) MLR [3] Keith Patten, Snail trail, (New Law Journal, 11 May 2012) assessed 22 November 2016 [4] Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners Ltd [1963] 2 All ER [5] Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd Lord Reid [1970] AC 1004 [6] Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1977] UKHL 4 [7] Kirsty Horsey, Erika Rackley, Tort Law (3rd edn, Oxford University Press Higher Education Division 2013) [8] Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] UKHL 2 [9]Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] UKHL 2 [10] Jessica Randell, Duty of Care Haunting Past, Uncertain Future (2014) North East Law Review 2 (2) [11] Simon Deakin, Angus Johnston and Basil Markensinis, Markesinis and Deakins Tort Law (7th edn, Oxford University Press Higher Education Division 2012) [12] Patten(n 3) [13] Heuston (n 2) [14] Gavin Murphy, The snail and the ginger beer: the singular case of Donoghue v Stevenson [2011], CLB 37(1)